相关试卷
-
1、 阅读以下短文,从每小题所给的四个选项中,选出一个与短文内容相符的最佳选项。
Bright red in color, with perfect sweet-and-sour taste, tanghulu is a popular traditional snack in most parts of northern China. In the past, people mainly used the hawthorn berries (山楂) to make tanghulu. But now, people prefer to use other fruits like oranges, bananas, grapes and strawberries. To make some perfect tanghulu, you can follow these steps:
Prepare what you need:
Hawthorn berries or other fruits, white sugar and water.
Step 1
Start off by washing the hawthorn berries or any other fruits you choose. Once done, dry the fruits. Don't forget this step.
Step 2
Put the fruits on bamboo sticks. If you use long sticks, put 4—6 pieces of fruits on each stick. If you use short ones, 1—3 pieces are enough.
Step 3
Add water and white sugar to a pan and then mix them well. Heat the pan until bubbles (气泡) appear and the color changes. When doing this, you can test the temperature of the mixture by dipping (浸) a spoon of the mixture in cold water. When the mixture hardens (变硬) immediately, it is at the right temperature. It is the key to making your perfect tanghulu.
Step 4
Now, dip each fruit stick into the sugar mixture to easily coat the fruits. Remember to turn it so that all sides are covered.
Step 5
Once done, place each stick on a plate. Remember to leave enough space between each other to stop them from sticking together. After a few minutes, you can taste them.
With the step-by-step instructions, you can have a try at home. Try with different kinds of fruits to see which taste you like best.
(1)、In Paragraph 1, the writer mentioned the ____ and ____ of the tanghulu.A、color; history B、taste; color C、size; taste D、history; size(2)、After washing the fruits, we need to ____ first.A、make them dry B、put them on bamboo sticks C、heat them in a pan D、dip them in the sugar mixture(3)、What does "It" refer to in Step 3?A、The way to test the sugar mixture. B、The way to heat the sugar mixture. C、The temperature of the sugar mixture. D、The time to dip fruit sticks into the mixture.(4)、What does Step 5 mainly tell us?A、How soon you can taste them. B、How to cool the fruit sticks. C、Where to put the fruit sticks. D、What can stop the fruit sticks from sticking.(5)、In which part of a magazine can we probably read the passage?A、Health. B、History. C、Travel. D、Food. -
2、 阅读以下短文,从每小题所给的四个选项中,选出一个与短文内容相符的最佳选项。
Souffle recipe (舒芙蕾食谱)
Ingredients:butter, sugar, milk, flour (面粉), eggs, lemon zest (柠檬皮), vanilla extract (香草精)
Directions:
1. Preheat the oven to 175℃. Spread butter on a souffle dish. Roll 1/4 cup of sugar throughout the dish. Let the sugar cover all the inside part of the dish. Then set aside the prepared dish.
2. Mix together 1/3 cup of sugar, 1/3 cup of flour, lemon zest and 1/3 cup of milk. Stir (搅动) the mixture until it forms a batter (面糊).
3. Boil one cup of milk in a pot. Slowly mix the hot milk into the batter. Stir and cook the mixture until it becomes thicker. Stir butter into the mixture. Let it cool at room temperature for ten minutes. Stir in the vanilla extract.
4. Beat (快速搅拌) the egg white until it becomes foamy (起泡沫的). Then add two tablespoons of sugar. Keep beating the egg white until it becomes thick.
5. Gently stir 1/3 of the thick egg white into the vanilla mixture. Then add the rest of the egg white to the mixture and stir carefully.
6. Pour the mixture into the prepared dish. Bake it for 25 to 30 minutes.
7. Now the souffle is done. If you like, you can serve it with powdered sugar (糖粉) and a few berries.
(1)、What does the underlined word "Preheat" mean in Chinese?A、预热 B、降温 C、准备 D、击打(2)、Which of the following is NOT one of the ingredients used to make a souffle?A、Butter. B、Flour. C、Lemon zest. D、Berries.(3)、The correct order of the following steps is ____.①boil one cup of milk in a pot
②stir the thick egg white into the vanilla mixture
③preheat the oven to 175℃
④stir in the vanilla extract
A、①③②④ B、④①②③ C、③①④② D、③①②④(4)、What should we add to the foamy egg white and beat it until it becomes thick?A、Two tablespoons of sugar. B、One cup of milk. C、1/3 cup of sugar. D、1/3 cup of flour.(5)、Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?A、First, you should put some jam on the souffle dish. B、Mix the hot milk into the batter before stirring in the butter. C、Bake the souffle mixture for ten minutes and then you can enjoy it. D、You should stir all the thick egg white into the vanilla mixture at a time. -
3、 阅读以下短文,从每小题所给的四个选项中,选出一个与短文内容相符的最佳选项。
Madison Checketts, a teenager, has loved the beach since she was a child. But each time on her family vacations, she could easily notice plastic (塑料的) bottles lying on the sand. After learning more about plastic pollution and methods to reduce it, she created an edible (可食用的) water bottle called Eco-Hero.
She started working on the project in October, 2021. In her early project, when Checketts asked herself what she could do to make the world a better place, she thought about reducing plastic pollution. Single-use plastic products like water bottles are used and thrown away. After that, plastic water bottles often end up in the sea. Plastic pollution is a main ____ to the sea and wildlife in it. After being selected (挑选) as one of the students from her school to compete in the school district's science fair, she won first place at a state science fair before advancing to a national competition.
An Eco-Hero holds about three-quarters of a cup of water and costs about $1. 2 to make. Basically, people make a hole at the top of the gelatinous membrane (胶质 膜 ) and drink the water. "It took many tries to get the membrane strong enough so it would not pop in my hands,"Checketts says.
In her free time, Checketts likes to play soccer, draw and spend time with family and friends. When she grows up, she wants to find a way to combine her hobbies and studies, and either be an engineer, a designer or a soccer player.
As Checketts thinks about the future of the Eco-Hero, she says she wants to run more tests to make the bottle stronger and bigger. She hopes the Eco-Hero encourages people to think and understand that everyone can make the world a better place.
(1)、What is the Eco-Hero?A、The name of a kind of plastic. B、The name of plastic pollution. C、The name of a new kind of water bottle. D、The name of a beach.(2)、Which word can be filled in the blank of the second paragraph?A、example B、secret C、food D、danger(3)、What do we know from the underlined part?A、We should be strong to hold the bottle. B、Making this kind of bottle isn't easy. C、Checketts is trying out another bottle. D、We can drink more water in this bottle.(4)、How will this kind of bottle be in the future?A、Stronger and bigger. B、Thicker and larger. C、Stronger and thicker. D、Bigger and cheaper.(5)、What does the fourth paragraph mainly tell us?A、Checketts' school and family. B、Checketts' study and hobbies. C、Checketts' hobbies and dreams. D、Checketts' friends and teachers. -
4、 完形填空
My mother was a famous cook. I also wanted to learn 1 . So I went to my mum's cooking school. Its name was Mama's Sizzling Cooking School. The cooking 2 started at 11:00 a. m. and finished at 1:00 p.m. on Thursday.
There were about twenty children in the cooking class. We worked on a table and we cooked as my 3 said. This week we started cooking Chicken Parmigiana.
Everyone cooked two pieces of chicken. Luckily, no one burnt 4 when using the ovens (烤箱). The 5 recipe (食谱) we cooked with included a watermelon, feta cheese (羊奶干酪) and olive salad. That was my favourite salad in the 6 world.
Last year I was in a cooking 7 at the Cooking Arena in Victoria, Australia. There were lots of children from different 8 like Sweden, Israel, and Portugal. But I had 9 heard of some countries before. The 10 thing was that most of the children taking my mum's cooking classes were in the competition. So I didn't feel afraid. It was really 11 to cook with other children from around the world. They taught me cooking 12 from their countries. We got along very well. The cooking competition 13 two weeks. We competed every day but Fridays. We would just share cooking skills on that day.
Two weeks later, we finished all the cooking competitions and we found out who 14 . I got the gold medal (金牌) . This was the 15 for me to be a famous cook.
(1)A 、 cooking B 、 writing C 、 painting D 、 driving(2)A 、 competition B 、 class C 、 game D 、 test(3)A 、 mum B 、 dad C 、 sister D 、 classmate(4)A 、 myself B 、 itself C 、 yourselves D 、 themselves(5)A 、 lost B 、 small C 、 next D 、 awful(6)A 、 other B 、 different C 、 same D 、 whole(7)A 、 competition B 、 test C 、 museum D 、 school(8)A 、 capitals B 、 countries C 、 cities D 、 towns(9)A 、 always B 、 often C 、 never D 、 ever(10)A 、 dry B 、 right C 、 bad D 、 good(11)A 、 interesting B 、 shy C 、 boring D 、 hard(12)A 、 habits B 、 languages C 、 skills D 、 bottles(13)A 、 went B 、 lasted C 、 covered D 、 ended(14)A 、 passed B 、 failed C 、 won D 、 lost(15)A 、 lesson B 、 trouble C 、 end D 、 start -
5、 假设Sally是你最好的朋友。请根据以下表格的内容提示,写一篇题为"My best friend"的英文短文,介绍一下Sally。
外貌
又高又瘦,短头发,大眼睛
最喜欢的科目
数学
兴趣爱好
旅游,做美食,看电影
评价
对别人友好、有耐心;常常帮助朋友解决困难;……
要求:1. 短文应包含所有提示要点,可适当发挥;2. 语句通顺,意思连贯,书写工整;3. 文中不得出现你的任何真实信息(姓名、校名和地名等);4. 词数:70左右。
-
6、阅读表达
A Special Gift
Liu Genghong must be one of the most popular influencers (网红) these days. He leads millions of people to do sports at home every day. And he always uses Jay Chou's songs in his live studio. He and Jay are close friends. And these are their stories.
When Jay was eighteen years old, he met Liu, a singer at that time. Jay had a hard time then, it was Liu who gave him food, clothes. And Liu also tried his best to help Jay on his business. One day, Jay was asked to perform in public (公众的). However, no one could understand him. Liu encouraged him and said "You did a good job, but if you can sing louder, it will be much better. " Then Liu asked for the second chance of singing for Jay.
After Jay sang the second time, he got the chance to film recordings (发唱片) and became an overnight celebrity (一夜成名). Jay wanted to share his success with Liu, so he invited him to join his songs and movies.
What is Jay's special gift? It's the help from Liu Genghong. Before Jay Chou became a superstar, Liu Genghong has been helping him. Since Jay Chou became a superstar, their relationship has not been estranged (疏远的), but has become closer and closer. Their stories let us see what a true friend is. A true friend is someone who reaches for your hand and touches your heart.
(1)、Who leads millions of people to do sports at home every day?(2)、Where was Jay asked to perform one day?(3)、When did Jay get the chance to film recordings and become an overnight celebrity?(4)、What is Jay's special gift?(5)、What is a true friend according to the passage? -
7、认真阅读下面短文,在答题卡标有题号的横线上,填入一个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
I have a wonderful friend named Lily. We (become) friends when we entered the middle school and our friendship has grown stronger ever since.
Every day, we study together, helping each other to understand and dealing with difficult problems. We believe that friendship is (real) about helping each other.
We are such close friends that we enjoy (we) when we do a lot of things together. We go for walks in the park, sharing our dreams and (secret). My teacher often says that whenever she sees me, she is sure that my best friend Lily isn't far behind. I'm feeling down, Lily is always there to cheer me up with her kind words and funny jokes. She is so (humor) that she can lighten up any mood. And when she faces difficulties, I offer my support and encouragement.
We also support each other in our hobbies. For example, I enjoy Chinese Chess and we usually spend one hour (discuss) it at lunchtime. Because of her, I become even (well) at it. Lily loves reading and I often recommend good books to her. What's more, she is crazy painting and I always encourage her to follow her dreams.
Our friendship is such special gift that I will cherish for my rest of the life. I know that no matter what life throws at us, we will always be there for each other.
-
8、阅读短文,从方框中选择适当的词或短语并用其正确形式填空,使短文通顺、意思完整,每词或短语限用一次。
for have important meet choose good talk or fight with child
Many students feel that people in their lives are their friends. They believe that their family members don't know them as as their friends do. In large families, it's quite often for brothers and sisters to each other and then they can only go to their friends for help.
It is important for students one good friend or a group of friends. Even when they are not with their friends, they usually spend a lot time with them on the phone. This kind of communication (交流) is very important in growing up, because friends can discuss something. These things are difficult to say to their family members.
However, parents often try to choose their children's friends them. Some parents even stop their children from their good friends. Do you think of the following questions? Who your friends? Do you choose your friends your friends choose you? Do you get a good friend your parents don't like. Your answers are welcome.
-
9、 In our school, students like discussing the questions a in groups in English class.
-
10、 The boy f against the illness with courage and never gave up.
-
11、 O you have a plan, you should take action to achieve it, or you will surely regret (后悔).
-
12、 Besides, as friends we should be h to each other, and never tell lies.
-
13、 We will have a little trouble achieving success in a short time if nobody s us.
-
14、 It's wrong of you to think you are (hope). Hope is always around you.
-
15、根据短文内容,从所给选项中选出填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Friends are the ones who we walk through life together. If we share our ups and downs, and pains and joys with our friends, we will get more happiness and less sadness.
Be friendly to others. You should try to make a stranger feel at home wherever he happens to be. That is exactly the first step of making friends.
Realize your fear. Some of us see meeting new people as a terrible event. We are worried about making a bad impression (印象), how to let the conversation go end and so on. Actually, all these fears are just in our head.
Be yourself. Just be yourself. You can meet real friends when you are who you are. The truest friendship is built with both accepting each other for who they are.
This connection between you and the other one can only begin when your heart is open. You can't form any new connection if you mistrust others. It'll send the wrong information and cause them to close off their hearts to you, too.
Be there for them. A friendship is a union (联盟) that supports two people. When you help your friends, you should help unconditionally (无条件地). The satisfaction you get from helping others is greater than anything you can get in return.
A. Be a patient friend.
B. Don't change yourself to make new friends.
C. Here are some ways to make new friends.
D. Open your heart.
E. Don't forget your friends' birthday.
F. Smile at others and you will be sure to get a smile in return.
G. Give support to your friends as possible as you can.
-
16、 请认真阅读下面短文,从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出最佳选项。
I am Barbara Sloan, 51 years old. I want to share my experience about an unusual friendship. How many friendships last for decades without meeting? That's what happened between me and my French pen friend Michèle.
We began writing to each other as teenagers, but 36 years passed before we met face-to-face. I started looking for pen friends because I was the only child in my family and I felt lonely. I still remember when my father brought me an envelope containing (包含) Michele's first letter and photo. Over the years, we exchanged family pictures, gifts, and souvenirs.
In 1972, I married Alan, a decorator. Michèle sent me a golden necklace as a wedding gift. When my children Lindsey, Duncan and Robert were born, she sent presents every Christmas. In November 1998, while wrapping Michèle's Christmas present, Lindsey suggested, "Why don't you visit her?"
A few weeks later, I wrote to Michèle proposing a visit. The next year, I flew to France. At the airport, after waiting anxiously, a blonde woman called out, "Barbara?" I responded, "Michèle?" We hugged tightly and spent a wonderful week together. I considered staying longer, but Alan called to say Robert was ill, so I returned home.
Two years later, Michèle wrote that she was planning to visit Britain. Alan and I went to the airport but waited in vain. Concerned, Alan called Michele's home. Her husband told us she had died in an accident hours before her flight. I was devastated (悲痛欲绝的) and stopped speaking for two weeks. Later, I continued writing letters to Michele's family as if she were still alive.
(1)、How does the writer begin the text?A、By asking a question. B、By introducing herself C、By describing a place. D、By telling a funny story.(2)、What is the main reason Barbara started looking for pen friends?A、She wanted to learn French. B、She liked collecting photos and gifts. C、She felt lonely. D、She enjoyed writing letters to strangers.(3)、Why did Barbara return home from France earlier than planned?A、Because she missed her husband Alan. B、Because Michele had to leave for work. C、Because her son Robert was sick. D、Because she ran out of money.(4)、What is the correct order of the following events?a. Michèle sent Barbara a wedding gift.
b. Barbara met Michele in France.
c. Michele died in an accident.
d. Barbara married Alan.
A、d-a-b-c B、a-d-b-c C、d-b-a-c D、a-b-d-c(5)、What is the main purpose of the text?A、To explain how to find pen friends. B、To describe a trip to France. C、To share a special friendship story. D、To teach about writing letters. -
17、 请认真阅读下面短文,从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出最佳选项。

Every day I passed by a homeless old man on the street. He usually sat near where I went to school. Whenever I passed by, he said "hello" cheerfully, and I always said it back. I gave him some change I had.
The old man always wore an old watch. It was not an expensive one by any means, but it worked. One day I found he wasn't wearing it any more. I asked him why and he looked down and told me that the battery (电池) died so he threw it away. I knew he couldn't buy a new battery and he certainly couldn't pay for a new watch.
He stayed on my mind all day, and I knew what I had to do. I went out to a shop and bought him a watch. It was not an expensive one, but was very like the one he had.When I saw him the next day, he was smiling and as cheerful as ever. When I bent down to put some change in his cup, I also dropped in the watch. I didn't say anything about it. I just smiled at him and kept on walking. He didn't even notice it until I had walked on. I looked back and watched as he pulled the watch from the cup. He put the watch on with a big smile on his face and I walked happily on my way.
(1)、The man always said hello to the writer when she passed because ____ .A、she was a college student B、she was kind to him C、she was very rich D、she was always polite(2)、Why did the man threw the watch away?A、His friend bought a new one for him. B、He wanted to get a new one. C、The battery was useless. D、The watch was very old and broken.(3)、From the passage we can see that ____.A、the man knew the writer would buy him a new watch B、the watch must have cost the writer a lot of money C、the writer dropped nothing but a watch in the cup D、the man didn't see it when the writer put the watch in the cup(4)、In the sentence "I also droppedin the watch", dropped means ____?A、put B、pulled C、took D、got(5)、What's the best title for the passage?A、How to help others B、Don't throw old things C、A Timeless (永恒的) Gift D、A homeless old man -
18、 请认真阅读下面短文,从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出最佳选项。
I am Jenny Tobin. When I was young, Linda Evans was my best friend, even like my sister. We did everything together—had piano lessons, watched movies, went swimming and horse riding.
When I was 13, my family moved away. Linda and I kept in touch by writing to each other. However, one day that year, a letter that I sent came back, stamped "Address Unknown". I had no idea how to find Linda. Over the years I missed her very much. I wanted to share my stories with her. There was an empty (空的) place in my heart that only a friend like Linda could fill.
One day while I was reading a newspaper, I saw a photo of a young woman. She looked like Linda a lot. "This must be a coincidence," I thought, but I still wrote to her.
She called me as soon as she got my letter. "Mrs. Tobin," a woman said excitedly, "Linda Evans is my mother. Just wait a moment. She will talk to you. " Then I heard a voice that I knew very much, even after 40 years. We both laughed and talked about each other's life.
Now the empty place in my heart is filled. And there's one thing that Linda and I know for sure. We will not lose each other again.
(1)、The writer went to piano lessons with Linda Evans____.A、at the age of 13 B、before the writer could speak C、after they moved to new homes D、before the writer's family moved away(2)、The writer lost touch with Linda Evans because____.A、they were busy with studies B、Linda's address changed C、she moved to another city D、Linda forgot Jenny(3)、What does the underlined word "coincidence" mean in Chinese?A、误会 B、巧合 C、机会 D、安排(4)、The writer was ____ years old when she got the news of Linda again.A、30 B、13 C、53 D、40(5)、There was an empty place in the writer's heart because she____.A、was in trouble B、got the card that she sent C、didn't know Linda's address D、didn't have a friend like Linda to share her happiness or sadness -
19、 请认真阅读下面短文,从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出最佳选项。
Farmer John and Farmer Bob were neighbours. For more than 30 years, they had been getting along very well.
Then their good relationship (关系) broke. It began with a small thing, then bitter (仇恨的) words, and then weeks of silence (沉默). One morning John woke up to find a stream between the two farms. "It must be Bob," John thought.
Then one day there was a knock on John's door. He opened it to find a carpenter (木匠) standing at the doorway.
"I'm looking for a few days' work," the carpenter said.
"I do have a job for you," John said. "Look across the stream at that farm. That's my neighbour Bob. He dug (挖) a stream between the two farms. I want you to build a fence (栅栏)—an 8-foot fence. I don't want to see his place or his face any more. I don't have such a neighbour!"
The carpenter said, "I think I know what to do, sir, and I'll be able to do a job that makes you happy. "
About sunset when the farmer returned, the carpenter had just finished his job. The farmer's eyes opened wide. There was no fence there at all!
It was a bridge! And the neighbour, Bob, was coming across, with his hand outstretched (伸出). "Hi, John! You're quite a guy to build this bridge!"
Then they met in the middle, taking each other's hands. "I'm terribly sorry for what I have said and done. We should be good to each other," said Bob.
Then they turned to see the carpenter, who was ready to go. "No, wait! Stay a few days. I have a lot of other jobs for you," said John. "I'd love to stay," the carpenter said, "but I have more bridges to build. "
Farmer John and Farmer Bob were neighbours. For more than 30 years, they had been getting along very well.
Then their good relationship (关系) broke. It began with a small thing, then bitter (仇恨的) words, and then weeks of silence (沉默). One morning John woke up to find a stream between the two farms. "It must be Bob," John thought.
Then one day there was a knock on John's door. He opened it to find a carpenter (木匠) standing at the doorway.
"I'm looking for a few days' work," the carpenter said.
"I do have a job for you," John said. "Look across the stream at that farm. That's my neighbour Bob. He dug (挖) a stream between the two farms. I want you to build a fence (栅栏)—an 8-foot fence. I don't want to see his place or his face any more. I don't have such a neighbour!"
The carpenter said, "I think I know what to do, sir, and I'll be able to do a job that makes you happy."
About sunset when the farmer returned, the carpenter had just finished his job. The farmer's eyes opened wide. There was no fence there at all!
It was a bridge! And the neighbour, Bob, was coming across, with his hand outstretched (伸出). "Hi, John! You're quite a guy to build this bridge!"
Then they met in the middle, taking each other's hands. "I'm terribly sorry for what I have said and done. We should be good to each other," said Bob.
Then they turned to see the carpenter, who was ready to go. "No, wait! Stay a few days. I have a lot of other jobs for you," said John. "I'd love to stay," the carpenter said, "but I have more bridges to build."
(1)、Farmer John thought that Farmer Bob dug the stream because____.A、their good relationship broke B、they were neighbours C、they had been getting along very well D、they never had bitter words with each other(2)、Farmer John asked the carpenter to build a fence because ____.A、he wanted to protect his farm B、he didn't want to do it himself C、he wouldn't like to see Bob D、he wanted to find him something to do(3)、What does the underlined sentence "You're quite a guy to build this bridge!" mean?A、John was not good at building bridges. B、John was great to build this bridge. C、John was silly to build such a bridge. D、John should build the bridge earlier.(4)、What do you think of the carpenter?A、Shy B、Clever C、Silly (愚蠢的) D、Careless(5)、What is the best title for the text?A、What a Big Fence! B、A Strong Bridge! C、Three kind Men. D、A fence or a bridge? -
20、 完形填空
Friends are very important in our everyday life. Everyone needs friends. We all like to feel close to someone.1 is nice to have a friend to talk, laugh, and do things with. Certainly, sometimes we need to be alone. We don't always want people 2 , but we will feel lonely if we 3 have a friend.
No two people are just the same. Friends 4 don't get on well. That doesn't mean that they no longer like each other. Most of the time they will make up (言归于好) and become 5 again.
Sometimes friends move away, then we feel very 6 . We miss them very much, but we can 7 them or write to them. And we can 8 new friends. It is encouraging to find out how much we like new people when we get to know them.
There's more good news for people who have friends. They live 9 than people who don't. Why? Friends can make us feel happy. 10 happy helps us stay well. If someone cares about us, we will take better care of ourselves.
(1)A 、 It B 、 He C 、 There D 、 Someone(2)A 、 alone B 、 away C 、 all over D 、 around(3)A 、 ever B 、 never C 、 just D 、 really(4)A 、 always B 、 sometimes C 、 often D 、 usually(5)A 、 classmates B 、 students C 、 teachers D 、 friends(6)A 、 angry B 、 sad C 、 happy D 、 good(7)A 、 call B 、 ask C 、 tell D 、 talk with(8)A 、 look after B 、 find C 、 make D 、 know(9)A 、 longer B 、 shorter C 、 slower D 、 faster(10)A 、 Smelling B 、 Being C 、 Sounding D 、 Making