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Habit formation is the process by which behaviours become automatic. People develop countless habits as they explore the world, whether they are aware of them or not. Understanding how habits take shape may be helpful in changing bad habits.

Habits are built through learning and repetition. A person is thought to develop a habit in the course of pursuing goals by beginning to associate certain cues (刺激) with behavioural responses that help meet the goal. Over time, thoughts of the behaviour and ultimately the behaviour itself are likely to be triggered (触发) by these cues.

A "habit loop (环)" is a way of describing several related elements that produce habits. These elements are called the cue, the routine, and the reward. For example, stress could serve as a cue that one responds to by eating, which produces the reward — the reduction of stress. While a routine involves repeated behaviour, it's not necessarily performed in response to a deep-rooted urge, as a habit is.

Old habits can be difficult to shake, and healthy habits are often harder to develop. But through repetition, it's possible to form new habits. The amount of time needed to build a habit will depend on multiple factors, including the individual and the intended behaviour. While you are able to pick up a new habit in a few weeks, it takes many months to build a healthy habit. 

Take some time to think about what leads to bad habits and re-evaluate what you get out of them (or don't). Consider and keep in mind why you want to make a change, including how the change reflects your values.

It's a joyful and stressful time of year in the United States for students and their families as they make decisions about where to attend college. Families often turn to rankings systems to help make a decision. 

When I talk to families as a scholar of higher education, they're often surprised that teaching excellence is not counted in rankings. 

Emerging research suggests that courses in lower-ranked universities, on average, scored higher on teaching than courses in higher-ranked universities.  The absence of teaching excellence from the rankings is surprising given the link between high-quality teaching and student success. Quality teaching is one of the most important predictors of a wide range of college outcomes.

Rankings, however, are only one reason why a low value is placed on teaching in higher education. Administrators often don't view teaching excellence as a way to increase enrolment (注册) or funding.  Research shows that the more time instructors spend on teaching, the lower their salary. What is the result? Many instructors continue to teach using traditional lectures, which lead to lower success rates.

 Nevertheless, not much will change until schools with high-quality teaching are rewarded with more resources, higher rankings and increased enrolments. In the long term, universities, organizations that rank schools, and others should work to make teaching a valued, core part of the mission.

What should students and their families do? They should give strong consideration to universities where high-quality teaching is valued, even though the schools may be ranked lower.

What is life? Like most great questions, this one is easy to ask but difficult to answer. The reason is simple: we know of just one type of life and it's challenging to do science with a sample size of one. The field of artificial life — called ALife for short — is the systematic attempt to spell out life's fundamental principles. Many of these practitioners, so-called ALifers, think that somehow making life is the surest way to really understand what life is.

So far no one has convincingly made artificial life. This track record makes ALife a ripe target for criticism, such as declarations of the field's doubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a complexity scientist, is tired of such complaints. Asking about "the point" of ALife might be, well, missing the point entirely, he says. "The existence of a living system is not about the use of anything," Alan says. "Some people ask me, ‘So what's the worth of artificial life?' Do you ever think, ‘What is the worth of your grandmother?'"

As much as many ALifers hate emphasising their research's applications, the attempts to create artificial life could have practical payoffs. Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife's cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamored by a concept called open-ended evolution (演化). This is the capacity for a system to create essentially endless complexity, to be a sort of "novelty generator". The only system known to exhibit this is Earth's biosphere. If the field of ALife manages to reproduce life's endless "creativity" in some virtual model, those same principles could give rise to truly inventive machines.

Compared with the developments of AI, advances in ALife are harder to recognise. One reason is that ALife is a field in which the central concept — life itself — is undefined. The lack of agreement among ALifers doesn't help either. The result is a diverse line of projects that each advance along their unique paths. For better or worse, ALife mirrors the very subject it studies. Its muddled (混乱的) progression is a striking parallel (平行线) to the evolutionary struggles that have shaped Earth biosphere.

Undefined and uncontrolled, ALife drives its followers to repurpose old ideas and generated novelty. It may be, of course, that these characteristics aren't in any way surprising or singular. They may apply universally to all acts of evolution. Ultimately ALife may be nothing special. But even this dismissal suggests something: perhaps, just like life itself throughout the universe, the rise of ALife will prove unavoidable.

In recent years, researchers from diverse fields have agreed that short-termism is now a significant problem in industrialised societies. The inability to engage with longer-term causes and consequences leads to some of the world's most serious problems: climate change, biodiversity collapse, and more. The historian Francis Cole argues that the West has entered a period where "only the present exists, a present characterised at once by the cruelty of the instant and by the boredom of an unending now".

It has been proved that people have a bias (偏向) towards the present, focusing on loud attractions in the moment at the expense of the health, well-being and financial stability of their future selves or community. In business, this bias surfaces as short-sighted decisions. And on slow-burning problems like climate change, it translates into the unwillingness to make small sacrifices (牺牲) today that could make a major difference tomorrow. 

Instead, all that matters is next quarter's profit, or satisfying some other near-term desires.

These biased perspectives cannot be blamed on one single cause. It is fair to say, though, that our psychological biases play a major role. People's hesitancy to delay satisfaction is the most obvious example, but there are others.

One of them is about how the most accessible information in the present affects decisions about the future. For instance, you might hear someone say: "It's cold this winter, so I needn't worry about global warming." Another is that loud and urgent matters are given too much importance, making people ignore longer-term trends that arguably matter more. This is when a pop star draws far more attention than, say, gradual biodiversity decline.

As a psychologist once joked, if aliens (外星人) wanted to weaken humanity, they wouldn't send ships; they would invent climate change. Indeed, when it comes to environmental transformations, we can develop a form of collective "poor memory", and each new generation can believe the state of affairs they encounter is nothing out of the ordinary. Older people today, for example, can remember a time with insect-covered car windscreens after long drives. Children, on the other hand, have no idea that insect population has dropped dramatically.

Sitting in the garden for my friend's birthday. I felt a buzz (振动) in my pocket. My heart raced when I saw the email sender's name. The email started off: "Dear Mr Green, thank you for your interest" and "the review process took longer than expected." It ended with "We are sorry to inform you ..." and my vision blurred (模糊). The position — measuring soil quality in the Sahara Desert as part of an undergraduate research programme — had felt like the answer I had spent years looking for. I had put so much time and emotional energy into applying, and I thought the rejection meant the end of the road for my science career.

So I was shocked when, not long after the email, Professor Mary Devon, who was running the programme, invited me to observe the work being done in her lab. I jumped at the chance, and a few weeks later I was equally shocked — and overjoyed — when she invited me to talk with her about potential projects I could pursue in her lab. What she proposed didn't seem as exciting as the original project I had applied to, but I was going to give it my all.

I found myself working with a robotics professor on techniques for collecting data from the desert remotely. That project, which I could complete from my sofa instead of in the burning heat of the desert, not only survived the lockdown but worked where traditional methods didn't. In the end, I had a new scientific interest to pursue.

When I applied to graduate school, I found three programmes promising to allow me to follow my desired research direction. And I applied with the same anxious excitement as before. When I was rejected from one that had seemed like a perfect fit, it was undoubtedly difficult. But this time I had the perspective (视角) to keep it from sending me into panic. It helped that in the end I was accepted into one of the other programmes I was also excited about.

Rather than setting plans in stone, I've learned that sometimes I need to take the opportunities that are offered, even if they don't sound perfect at the time, and make the most of them.

The International Olympic Committee (IOC) Young Leaders programme empowers talents to make a positive difference in their communities through sport. Twenty-five Young Leaders are being selected every two years for a four-year period. They promote the Olympic values, spreading the message of sport for good.

To be an IOC Young Leader, you need to first complete the 4-Week Learning Sprint (冲刺).

4-Week Learning Sprint

The 4-Week Learning Sprint, which will take place during November 2023, is a virtual learning programme. The sessions can be attended live or watched back after they are made available on the IOC channel. Each week, participants will be asked to complete a topic-specific reflection task.

The 4-Week Learning Sprint is open to anyone, with the target audience aged between 20 and 28.

After successfully completing the 4-Week Learning Sprint, you will need to submit a plan for a sport-based project, which you will work on if selected as an IOC Young Leader.

Requirements for the Applicants

•You have successfully completed the 4-Week Learning Sprint.

•You have completed your high school studies.

•You have at least one year of work experience.

•You have strong public speaking skills.

•You are self-motivated and committed.

•You are passionate about creating positive change in your community.

•You are open to being coached and advised by experts and peers (同伴).

•You are able to work with people from different backgrounds.

Nina has run marathons in 32 countries. All of her runs have a guiding purpose: to call attention  global water issues. Nina recently finished her year-long series of runs in Chicago,  thousands were attending a water conference. She called for action

 (address) the struggles of people around the world  (face) "too little water or too dirty water". Her efforts have encouraged others to take part by running through a global campaign called "Run Blue".

Mangroves, known as "red forest" in China, grow between land and sea, characterized by their complex roots. When  (see) from afar, the mangrove forests appear more splendid. Mangroves can help soften waves and protect  (city) from coastal winds. For these reasons, they are praised as "coastal guardians". Up to now, China  (establish) a number of protected areas with mangroves.

Every culture is riddled with unwritten rules, such as ones on punctuality (守时). I'm British. Soon after moving to Switzerland, I  (throw) a house-warming party and was greatly surprised when all 30 guests showed up  (exact) on time. Years later, having moved to France, I turned up at the appointed hour for a dinner, only to find that no other guest (arrive) and my hostess was still in her sleeping suit.

I was always timid (羞怯的). Being new to the school made me even 1 , so it was surprising I'd 2 to anyone around me. Now I was paying the price — to write a five-page essay on "Why I Should Not Talk in Class". That would take all night!

After I got home, though, I took my time petting the cat — postponing the pain.

When I finally sat down to 3 , I began with the reasons Ms Black would want to hear. Talking kept me and my neighbours from 4 . One paragraph down; now what? I chewed on my pencil. Aha! What if talking were the first step towards life as a criminal? Without the education I was throwing away, I'd turn to theft and go to prison. When I got out, people would say, "She used to talk in class." The pages began 5 .

But when mum got home from work, I was still 6 , "Five pages! That's impossible!"

"Well, you'd better get back to work," she said, "and I want to read it when you're through."

Soon after dinner, I handed the essay to mum. I half expected a 7 — at least an "I hope you've learned your lesson". 8 , mum laughed and laughed as she read.

The next day, when Ms Black read the essay to the class, everyone laughed. I could 9 they weren't making fun of me: they laughed because I had the power to tell a funny story. My 10 still needed some nudging (激发), but I did learn I wasn't shy in print.

My dad, George, only had an eighth-grade education. A quiet man, he didn't understand my world of school activities. From age 14. he worked. And his dad, Albert, took the money my dad earned and used it to pay family expenses.

I didn't really understand his world either: He was a livestock trucker, and I thought that I would surpass anything he had accomplished by the time I walked across the stage at high school graduation. Summers in the mid-70s were spent at home shooting baskets, hitting a baseball, or throwing a football, preparing for my future as a quarterback on a football team. In poor weather, I read about sports or practiced my trombone. The summer before my eighth grade I was one of a group of boys that a neighboring farmer hired to work in his field. He explained our basic task, the tractor fired up and we were off, riding down the field looking for weeds to spray with chemicals. After a short way, the farmer stopped and pointed at a weed which we missed. Then we began again. This happened over and over, but we soon learned to identify different grasses like cockleburs, lamb's-quarters, foxtails, and the king of weeds, the pretty purple thistle. It was tiring work, but I looked forward to the pay, even though I wasn't sure how much it would amount to.

At home, my dad said, "A job's a big step to growing up. I'm glad you will be contributing to the household." My dad's words made me realize that my earnings might not be mine to do with as I wished.

My labors lasted about two weeks, and the farmer said there might be more work, but I wasn't interested. I decided it was not fair that I had to contribute my money.

注意：

1. 续写词数应为 150 左右；

2. 请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。

The pay day arrived at last.

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I understand immediately what my parents were worried about.

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1. 课程简介；

2. 开设情况；

3. 学生反响。

注意：

1. 写作词数应为 80左右；

2. 请按如下格式在答题纸的相应位置作答。

Dear friends,

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Unlike some traditional drinks, tea begins with the tale of an emperor in China, almost 5000 years ago. Around 2700 BC, Emperor Shen Nong discovered tea purely4. The well-known leader and wise man was boiling water in his garden when a loose leaf from a tree accidentally fell in and5 the water. He was so fascinated with the taste of drink that he later applied his scientific knowledge to the process and6 the various benefits of tea in his further research into plants.

From ancient China, tea traveled to Xizang and India. Tang Dynasty in China began to promote the drink for its medicinal benefits, leading to much formal writing on the subject. These7 covered ancient tea preparations and practices, and became significant comparisons to how we use tea in the modern days. Monks (僧侣) and poets8 tea East and West. And then in the 9th century it reached Japan. But it was given the cold shoulder and stayed9 until Matcha, green tea made into powder, was later invented by the locals. And Matcha became the innovation that10 Japan's passion for tea in the 13th century.

In Ming Dynasty, people started making tea as we do today and businessmen began11 green tea, trading it with explorers throughout Europe and Asia. In the 17th century, Dutch people traded it on the Silk Road. This led tea to England in 1657, where it quickly became a popular drink nationwide, from the royal court to12 citizens. As the British East India Company became the13 trading empire on the planet — controlling around half of the world's trade in goods, colonies (殖民地) under its administration naturally picked up the habit.

History of tea also involves a way of showing14. The Americans once expressed their anger with the British Empire by throwing tea into the port in Boston. Yet sometime later, through Tea Acts, preferential tax policies, new health food trends and more, tea restored its popularity worldwide.

However the world shifts, in some places, such as China, tea15 the national drink of choice.

Even now I can feel the cold water dripping down my arm as we sat in the boat pulling the paddles awkwardly through running water. It was my first experience in a boat and my arms became tired after many hours of paddling.

We stopped for lunch in the boat by gathering all the boats together.

At night it was time to camp at our site picked out by our guide. There we learned to start campfires and cook some of our meals. This is where fell in love with noodles. We cleaned up our mess and put up our tents and slept on the ground. We learned to carry the heavy packs to our next destination. I developed a sense of accomplishment and had arm muscles after that trip.

There were no phones, makeup, hair dryers... just us and the bush. We came from different backgrounds with different personalities and we all had to work together as a group.

. I kept a journal from that second trip and often go back to it.

A. They dropped us off in the bush.

B. I had to experience more of the wilderness.

C. I was 15 and wanted to do something different.

D. Our guide handed out chocolate, cheese, and dried meat.

E. I liked the boat trip so much that I joined the survival trip the next year.

F. It was wonderful sharing simple meals over the fire and talking with new friends.

G. As a teenager, didn't know that I was having the best adventure a teenager could have.

Studies indicate that for complex tasks requiring deep focus — such as mastering mathematical concepts or analyzing literature — students perform better in structured environments like classrooms or libraries compared to casual settings. Neuroscientists attribute this to "environmental anchoring," where physical surroundings subconsciously signal the brain to prioritize sustained attention. A 2022 meta-analysis of 50 studies found that students retained 25% more information when learning in dedicated academic spaces versus informal locations.

The advantages of traditional classrooms extend beyond mere quietness. Physical classrooms provide consistent sensory cues — the arrangement of desks, wall-mounted educational posters, and even classroom lighting — that create neural pathways associated with academic focus. Students often unconsciously link specific knowledge to where they learned it, a phenomenon called "context-dependent memory."

Cognitive scientists propose the "engagement threshold theory (参与度阈值理论)" to explain why virtual learning often under-performs. This theory assumes that digital environments condition users to adopt a "consumption mindset" similar to browsing social media, reducing willingness to engage in demanding cognitive tasks. While video lectures allow pause-and-review functions, brain scans reveal lower activity in critical thinking regions compared to live discussions.

Hybrid model — combining technology and traditional methods — show promise. For instance, a Stanford experiment found that students using augmented reality (AR) textbooks in classroom settings outperformed peers using either physical books alone or fully digital courses. Yet when the same AR tools were used at home, performance dropped by 18%, suggesting that technology's benefits depend on environmental support.

While digital tools enable access to global resources, educators should recognize that learning spaces themselves are educational instruments. For cultivating analytical depth, the traditional classroom's intentional design — often refined over centuries — remains surprisingly irreplaceable.

Some famous roads along the River Seine are completely closed to cars. Now you see people riding bikes, running, and walking with their families along the river. In another part of Paris, a bike path on Sebastopol Boulevard is one of the busiest in Europe after opening in 2019. In one week in early September, it recorded a record high of 124,000 riders. Paris en Selle is a volunteer organization supporting cycling in the city. It says the French capital's bike paths are busier than some popular ones in London and almost as busy as some in Amsterdam, which is known for its high bike usage.

The city hosted the Summer Olympics in 2024 and planned to add more bike lanes by then. Paris wanted to reduce its pollution by half during the games, even as visitors from around the world would be in the city for the event. Organizers said all of the competition sites would be reachable by bike through a 60-kilometer network of bike lanes.

The change to Paris, however, has not been easy. With more people using bikes, more people are making mistakes. Some of them are new to cycling and disobey traffic rules.

My heart ached. I wanted to help but didn't know how. Should I offer to pay for her food? I did not yet. And the woman left the store. As I walked into the parking lot, I saw the woman, and I remembered something in my purse that could help her.

"Excuse me," I said, "I couldn't help overhearing (无意听到) what you said to the cashier. It sounds like you're going through a really hard time. I'd like to give you something." I handed her a card. When the woman read only two words "You Matter (你是重要的)" on the card, she began to cry. Through her tears, she said, "You have no idea how much this means to me."

I was a little startled (受惊吓的). "Oh, would it be OK to give you a hug?" After we hugged, I walked back to my car and began to cry too. Yes, everyone is very important to those who love you.

A few weeks earlier, a friend gave me a card with the same words as I got into trouble. When I read the words, I was deeply touched. I came home and ordered my own box of "You Matter" cards and started sharing them too.

Placencia, Belize

Make a difference by removing lion-fish, an invasive species destroying reef ecosystems of the Caribbean. Learn to dive while removing lion-fish. Each week/day will differ but you will be participating in the following areas: Removing Invasive Lion-fish; Whale Shark Observation (if spotted); Biodiversity Identification Dive; Beach Clean-ups.

Marine Research Expedition

Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy

You will join an international crew aboard a sailboat to work for the protection of our seas. And you will learn to collect data, organize and enjoy the sea at its best! Of primary note is that it is one of the world's best spots for water sports. Gain experience in Marine Research in the field (under water). Get close up to dolphins and whales in the wild.

Wildlife Supporter

Port Elizabeth, South Africa

Volunteer at a Game Reserve that hosts the Big 5 and support the local staff in monitoring the animals. Work up close with the famous Big 5! Join our reserve for orphaned and injured non-dangerous animals. Make a difference in the rescue, recovery and release of wildlife, giving them a second chance at being free and wild again.

Climate and Environmentalist Supporter

Hanga Roa, Chile

Be a volunteer on the amazing Easter Island in the middle of the Pacific Ocean and get involved in climate and nature protection. Responsibilities include: Teamwork in the climate protection program; Collection of plant seeds; Control of seed settlement on the plantation; Conservation of native seeds and plants; Reforestation work.

1. 描述漫画内容及反映的社会现象；

2. 谈谈你的看法或建议。

注意：

1. 写作词数为80个左右；

2. 请按照如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。

Modern Life in Cartoons

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Not long ago, traveling in China meant racing against the clock. Overnight trains, sunrise hikes, and five scenic spots before lunch (wear) like badges of honour. The faster and more exhausting the itinerary (行程), the better the story sounded afterward. In the past few years, that logic (give) way to a new belief quietly among young people that vacations should feel less like boot camp.

According to a 2025 survey released by China Youth Daily, 55.3 percent of young respondents now prefer "immersive slow travel", while more than half favour flexible independent trips tightly organised tours.

The shift is visible in both behaviour and business. Once-popular "special-forces-style tourism" — where travellers sprint through cities to maximise check-ins — has evolved into social media jokingly calls "low-consumption travel". The idea is simple: minimal physical strain, maximum emotional return. At scenic sites across Guangdong, Zhejiang and Hubei provinces, operators have redesigned (attract) to match the new pace. On Foshan's Xiqiao Mountain, for instance, visitors can try an (adapt) bungee jump that lowers participants (gentle) instead of dropping them at full speed.

Travel, increasingly, is no longer about how far you go — but how deeply you arrive. "When you rush, every city ends up (look) like the same photo. When you stay, you begin to notice the small things- the way shop owners talk, the rhythm of the streets." said Pan Yuchen, a university student visiting Chengdu, city often seen as a symbol of slow travel for its famously unhurried pace, locals linger over hotpot at all hours, and spend their afternoons in teahouses.