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1、阅读下列短文, 从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中, 选出最佳选项。
Why isn't science better? Look at career incentives.
There are often substantial gaps between the idealized and actual versions of those people whose work involves providing a social good. Government officials are supposed to work for their constituents. Journalists are supposed to provide unbiased reporting and penetrating analysis. And scientists are supposed to relentlessly probe the fabric of reality with the most rigorous and skeptical of methods.
All too often, however, what should be just isn't so. In a number of scientific fields, published findings turn out not to replicate (复制), or to have smaller effects than, what was initially claimed. Plenty of science does replicate — meaning the experiments turn out the same way when you repeat them — but the amount that doesn't is too much for comfort.
But there are also ways in which scientists increase their chances of getting it wrong. Running studies with small samples, mining data for correlations and forming hypotheses to fit an experiment's results after the fact are just some of the ways to increase the number of false discoveries.
It's not like we don't know how to do better. Scientists who study scientific methods have known about feasible remedies for decades. Unfortunately, their advice often falls on deaf ears. Why? Why aren't scientific methods better than they are? In a word: incentives. But perhaps not in the way you think.
In the 1970s, psychologists and economists began to point out the danger in relying on quantitative measures for social decision-making. For example, when public schools are evaluated by students' performance on standardized tests, teachers respond by teaching "to the test". In turn, the test serves largely as of how well the school can prepare students for the test.
We can see this principle—often summarized as "when a measure becomes a target, it ceases to be a good measure"—playing out in the realm of research. Science is a competitive enterprise. There are far more credentialed (授以证书的) scholars and researchers than there are university professorships or comparably prestigious research positions. Once someone acquires a research position, there is additional competition for tenure (终身教授) grant funding, and support and placement for graduate students. Due to this competition for resources, scientists must be evaluated and compared. How do you tell if someone is a good scientist?
An oft-used metric (标准,度量) is the number of publications one has in peer-reviewed journals, as well as the status of those journals. Metrics like these make it straightforward to compare researchers whose work may otherwise be quite different. Unfortunately, this also makes these numbers susceptible to exploitation.
If scientists are motivated to publish often and in high-impact journals, we might expect them to actively try to game the system (钻空子). And certainly, some do—as seen in recent high-profile cases of scientific fraud (欺诈). If malicious (恶意的) fraud is the prime concern, then perhaps the solution is simply heightened alertness.
However, most scientists are, I believe, genuinely interested in learning about the world, and honest. The problem with incentives is that they can shape cultural norms without any intention on the part of individuals.
(1)、Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?A、Scientists are expected to persistently devoted to exploration of reality. B、The research findings fail to achieve the expected effect. C、Hypotheses are modified to highlight the experiments' results. D、The amount of science that does replicate is comforting.(2)、What does deaf ears in the fourth paragraph probably refer to?A、The public. B、The incentive initiators. C、The peer researchers. D、The high-impact journal editors.(3)、Which of the following does the author probably agree with?A、Good scientists excel in seeking resources and securing research positions. B、Competition for resources pushes researchers to publish in a more productive way. C、All the credentialed scholars and researchers will take up university professorships. D、The number of publication reveals how scientists are bitterly exploited.(4)、According to the author, what might be a remedy for the fundamental problem in scientific research?A、High-impact journals are encouraged to reform the incentives for publication. B、The peer-review process is supposed to scale up inspection of scientific fraud. C、Researchers are motivated to get actively involved in gaming the current system. D、Career incentives for scientists are expected to consider their personal intention. -
2、阅读下列短文, 从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中, 选出最佳选项。
Nowadays, the world is slowly becoming a high-tech society and we are now surrounded by technology. Facebook and Twitter are innovative tools; text messaging is still a somewhat existing phenomenon and even e-mail is only a flashing spot on the screen when compared with our long history of snail mail. Now we adopt these tools to the point of essentialness, and only rarely consider how we are more fundamentally affected by them.
Social media, texting and e-mail all make it much easier to communicate, gather and pass information. But they also present some dangers. By removing any real human engagement, they enable us to develop our abnormal self-love without the risk of disapproval or criticism theatrical metaphor (隐喻), these new forms of communication provide a stage on which we create our own characters, hidden behind a fourth wall of tweets, status updates and texts. This unreal state of unconcern can become addictive as we separate ourselves a safe distance from the cruelty of our fleshly lives, where we are imperfect, powerless and insignificant. In essence, we have been provided not only the means to be more free, but also to become new, to create and protect a more perfect self to the world. As we become more reliant on these tools, they become more a part of our daily routine and so we become more restricted in this fantasy.
So it is that we live in a cold era, where names and faces represent two different levels of closeness, where working relationships occur only through the magic of email and where love can start or end by text message. An environment such as this reduces interpersonal relationships to mere digital exchanges.
Would a celebrity have been so daring to do something dishonorable if he had had to do it in person? Doubtful. It seems he might have been lost in a fantasy world that ultimately convinced himself into believing the digital self could obey different rules and regulations, as if he could continually push the limits of what's acceptable without facing the consequences of "real life."
(1)、The author compares e-mail with snail mail to show ____.A、the influence of high-tech on our life B、the history of different types of mails C、the value of traditional communications D、the rapid development of social media(2)、What can we know about new communication tools?A、Destroying our life totally. B、Posing more dangers than good. C、Helping us to hide our faults. D、Replacing traditional letters.(3)、What is the potential threat caused by the novel communication tools?A、Sheltering us from virtual life. B、Removing face-to-face interaction. C、Leading to false mental perception. D、Making us rely more on hi-tech media.(4)、What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs?A、Technologies have changed our relationships. B、The digital world is a recipe for pushing limits. C、Love can be better conveyed by text message. D、The digital self need not take responsibility. -
3、阅读下列短文, 从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中, 选出最佳选项。
One summer night in a seaside cottage, a boy felt himself lifted from bed. Then, with the swiftness of a dream, he was held in his father's arms out onto the nearby beach. Overhead the sky blazed with stars. "Watch!" Incredibly, as his father spoke, one of the stars moved. In a line of golden fire it flashed across the astonished heavens. And before the wonder of this could fade, another star leaped from its place, then another, plunging towards the restless sea.
"What's this?" the child whispered.
"Shooting stars. They come every year on a certain August night. I thought you'd like to see the show."
That was all: just an unexpected glimpse of something mysterious and beautiful. But, back in bed, the child stared for a long time into the dark, knowing that all around the quiet house, the night was full of the silent music of the falling stars.
Decades have passed, but I remember that night still, because I was the fortunate boy whose father believed that a new experience was more important for a small boy than an unbroken night's sleep. No doubt I had all the usual childhood entertainment, but those are forgotten now. What I remember is the night of the shooting stars, and the day we rode in a caboose (列车末尾的职工车厢), the telegraph we made that really worked, and the "trophy table" in the dining room where we children were encouraged to exhibit things we had found — anything unusual or beautiful — snake skins, seashells, flowers, arrowheads... I remember the thought-provoking (引人深思的) books left by my bedside that pushed back my horizons and sometimes actually changed my life.
My father had, to a marvellous degree, the gift of opening doors for his children, of leading them into areas of splendid newness. This subtle art of adding dimensions to a child's world doesn't necessarily require a great deal of time. It simply involves doing things more often with our children instead of for them or to them.
(1)、What does the underlined sentence in paragraph 4 mean?A、The child was still immersed in the beautiful scenery just now. B、The child was too frightened to fall asleep because of darkness. C、The child wanted to listen more to the music about falling stars. D、The child felt grateful to his father for what he showed him.(2)、All the things the author remember from his childhood are ____.A、unusual and novel B、dangerous and demanding C、strange and uncommon D、educational and thought-provoking(3)、What can we learn from the last paragraph?A、Parents should interfere more with their children's learning. B、Parents should push their children to try to do everything on their own. C、Parents should devote energy to exploring new things for their children. D、Parents should encourage children to be curious and explore new things in life.(4)、What's the best title for this passage?A、Limitless knowledge B、Father, the hero of my life C、Curiosity aroused that night D、The unusual things in my life -
4、阅读下列短文, 从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中, 选出最佳选项。
Make life as easy as possible with devices and gear designed to simplify your travels — whether that means charging on the go, neat organizers or lightweight storage for no-trouble quick trips.
LARQ Bottle Filter (过滤器)
This innovative drinking bottle with a low-pressure sucker is designed to filter water on the go, wiping out pollutants such as chlorine (氯) for a refreshing taste. The filter will work on up to 151 litres of water before needing to be replaced — the equivalent (等同) of around 300 single-use plastic bottles. Available in 500ml (£58) and 740ml (£68) sizes.
Stubble & Co Adventure Bag
This 42-litre backpack has an easy-access clamshell (翻盖) design that opens to reveal zipped parts of various sizes, including a waterproof pocket for shoes. It also features a laptop sleeve, water bottle pocket and hidden parts for valuables. Available in black, olive, blue and orange. £195.
Shokz OpenFit
Shokz's lightweight earphones sit on top of the ear canal, meaning they're comfortable enough to wear for long periods. The 28-hour battery life ensures you won't need to charge them on an overnight trip, though it's easy enough to do so by plugging in the small, accompanying case. The Shokz App allows you to customize the controls, too. £179.
July Carry On Pro
For those who prefer not to carry luggage on their backs, this smart roller is the perfect overnighter. It has two separate internal parts, a waterproof polycarbonate (聚碳酸酯) hard shell and a zipped front part in which to store a laptop. The integrated, removable power bank allows travelers to charge devices on the go. £275.
(1)、 What is special about LARQ Bottle Filter?A、It is of various sizes. B、It makes for health. C、It is used to store water. D、It replaces 300 plastic bottles.(2)、Which is suitable for listening to music?A、Shokz OpenFit. B、July Carry On Pro. C、LARQ Bottle Filter. D、Stubble & Co Adventure Bag.(3)、 What is the text?A、A travel diary. B、A life description. C、A science instruction. D、A sales advertisement. -
5、听材料,回答问题。(1)、What's the talk mainly about?A、Newly-built dormitory. B、Vacation arrangement. C、School facilities.(2)、What does the speaker do probably?A、A leader of the school. B、The director of Butler Hall. C、The monitor of the students.(3)、What can we know about the school facilities during the break?A、Only a few facilities will be closed. B、All the facilities will be open. C、Some facilities will be open for fewer hours.(4)、What will the listeners do first?A、Finish up projects. B、Fill in forms. C、Move into Butler Hall.
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6、听材料,回答问题。(1)、What do we know about Shen Xue and Zhao Hongbo?A、They didn't attend the Championships. B、They won the Championships this time. C、They lost the Championships last time.(2)、Where did the World Figure Skating Championships take place?A、In China. B、In Russia. C、In France.(3)、How did the woman get the ticket?A、She bought it ahead of time. B、Her brother got it online. C、She got it from a friend.(4)、How does the man feel in the end?A、Regretful. B、Excited. C、Thankful.
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7、听材料,回答问题。(1)、Where is the woman going?A、To the library. B、To the cinema. C、To the classroom.(2)、What does the man invite the woman to do?A、Go to the lab. B、See a film. C、Do some reading.(3)、Why does the woman refuse the man's invitation?A、She has to take three classes. B、She has to take exams. C、She has to do her schoolwork.
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8、听材料,回答问题。(1)、What's the probable relationship between the speakers?A、Husband and wife. B、Landlord and roomer. C、Agent and customer.(2)、What does the woman think of the flat?A、It is too small. B、It is a little expensive. C、It seems good.
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9、听材料,回答问题。(1)、 What's the woman's name?A、Sharon. B、Sherry. C、Susan.(2)、In what field is the woman majoring?A、Engineering. B、Education. C、Tourism.
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10、 What happens to the cinema?A、It's under repair. B、No new films are on. C、Tickets are sold out.
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11、 When can Cathy go to the party?A、Before 6:00. B、Around 6:30. C、After 7:00.
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12、 What are the speakers talking about?A、Power failure. B、City night. C、Hot weather.
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13、 What does the man mean?A、The woman seldom goes shopping. B、The woman looks pretty in these clothes. C、The woman bought a lot of clothes.
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14、 How will the woman go to the town center?A、By bus. B、By taxi. C、By subway.
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15、 阅读下面材料,根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段,使之构成一篇完整的短文。
There was a lively young boy named Jimmy who had a bit of an anger problem. He got angry very easily. Whenever something didn't go his way, Jimmy would shout, stamp his feet, and say some mean words to people.
For example, one day at school, Jimmy's classmate accidentally knocked over his lunch tray (托盘). Jimmy yelled at his classmate, ignoring the tray that had fallen to the floor, and stomped (迈着重重的步子走) angrily to the corner of the canteen. Another time, his little brother borrowed one of his favorite books without asking. When Jimmy found out, he screamed at his brother, seized the book back, and threw it across the room, which made his brother cry.
Such behavior worried his parents, who wanted to help Jimmy learn to control his temper (脾气). One night, they sat him down and handed him a special notebook and a set of colorful pens. "Jimmy," his mother said, "every time you feel angry, I want you to write about it in this notebook. Write down what happened, how you felt, and what you did." Jimmy thought this was a strange request. He looked at the notebook and pens. "Writing about my anger?" he thought. But he agreed.
The next day, when Jimmy was at school, his friend accidentally bumped (撞) into him, causing him to drop his books. Jimmy felt the familiar increase of anger rising inside him. He was just about to shout when he remembered the notebook in his backpack. He took it out, sat down, and began to write. He wrote about the bump, how it made him feel, and what he wanted to do. By the time he finished writing, he felt much calmer.
This continued every day. At first, his notebook filled up quickly with annoying incidents. But as the days passed, the notebook saw fewer and fewer intense stories. Jimmy found that writing down his feelings helped him to control his temper. By the end of the month, Jimmy noticed he was writing in his notebook less and less.
注意:
1.续写词数应为150个左右;
2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
One day, Jimmy realized he hadn't written anything in the notebook all week and told it to his parents.
Jimmy was surprised to be asked to write something positive in his notebook.
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16、 假定你是李华,你的交换生朋友 Tom对你校最近成立的航天社团(aerospace club)很感兴趣,特发邮件向你询问。请你给他回一封邮件,内容包括:
1.社团简介;
2.邀请加入。
注意:
1.写作词数应为80个左右;
2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
Dear Tom,
Yours,
Li Hua
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17、阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
As the Beijing Dance Academy celebrates its 70th anniversary this year, the established dance school has announced the first nationwide tour of a selection of standout entries from the 13th edition of "Taoli Cup" National Dancing Education Performance of China. The national event, launched by the academy in 1985, (hold) every three years so far.
The 13th "Taoli Cup" featured 250 programs in (vary) styles, including classical Chinese dance, Chinese folk dance, ballet, and contemporary dance. Apart live performances, the tour is inviting scholars and experts to discuss both the development achievements of dance education over the past 40 years.
Students from 64 schools across 27 cities and provinces participated, (make) it the largest event in the cup's history. Notably, for the first time, the competition featured contemporary dance, is a relatively new style in China compared to traditional Chinese dance and Chinese folk dance.
For any young student majoring in dance in China, the "Taoli Cup" is a symbol of success and a clear goal (pursue). After winning the competition, many young Chinese dancers have become leading (figure) in the dance world today. They have taken major roles in theater productions and created (they) own works, promoting the development of the dance scene in China by growing a large fan base for the art, (especial) among the young.
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18、阅读下面短文,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
Shizo Kanakuri, a talented runner, participated in the 1912 Summer Olympics marathon held in Stockholm. The weather was unusually 1 , causing many athletes to struggle with the heat. Like them, Shizo pushed himself to the limit, but his body could not bear the 2 . Around the 30-kilometer mark, he gave in to the heat exhaustion and had to 3 the race.
However, due to 4 and hurry, he 5 to inform the organizers of the reason for his withdrawal. Therefore, at that time, people 6 him and assumed that he lacked ability or had a bad mentality.
Years passed, and the world changed greatly. It wasn't until 1966 that Swedish authorities finally 7 what had happened to Shizo. They discovered that he had become a coach. They 8 invited him back to complete the marathon he had started so long ago.
At the age of 76, Shizo 9 to Stockholm and finished the marathon. His time was 54 years, 8 months, 5 days, 32 minutes, and 20.3 seconds — the slowest marathon time ever recorded. Despite the length of time it took him, Shizo 10 his goal and proved that it's never too 11 to finish what you've started.
The next time someone tells you it's too late to pursue a dream or complete a(n)12 , remember the 13 of Shizo Kanakuri. His 14 journey teaches us that determination, perseverance (毅力), and belief in oneself can 15 even the most challenging circumstances.
(1)A 、 hot B 、 wet C 、 windy D 、 mild(2)A 、 burden B 、 stress C 、 tiredness D 、 weather(3)A 、 throw out of B 、 drop out of C 、 burst out of D 、 look out of(4)A 、 overconsumption B 、 overdevelopment C 、 overact D 、 overproduction(5)A 、 refused B 、 admitted C 、 forgot D 、 hoped(6)A 、 concerned B 、 misunderstood C 、 misled D 、 admired(7)A 、 explained B 、 argued C 、 selected D 、 learned(8)A 、 definitely B 、 dependently C 、 usually D 、 sincerely(9)A 、 returned B 、 turned C 、 adapted D 、 applied(10)A 、 attached B 、 achieved C 、 argued D 、 recycled(11)A 、 ongoing B 、 giant C 、 late D 、 neat(12)A 、 souvenir B 、 task C 、 accessory D 、 form(13)A 、 poetry B 、 journal C 、 story D 、 comic(14)A 、 incredible B 、 sufficient C 、 reliable D 、 sensible(15)A 、 bite B 、 replace C 、 appoint D 、 defeat -
19、阅读下面短文,从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Getting angry is a normal emotion that everyone experiences. However, regular or continued anger can harm your health in more ways than you might think.
When you get angry, your body reacts in ways that can cause problems. For example, a study found that anger can increase the risk of heart attacks. This is because anger affects how well your blood vessels (血管) work, making it harder for blood to flow properly. .
Anger also affects your stomach and digestive (和消化有关的) system. When you're mad, your body can slow down digestion and cause stomach pain. Worse, your brain suffers from too much anger as well. This affects your ability to think clearly and remember things, possibly leading to long-term cognitive (认知的) issues.
So how can you manage your anger better? Here are several effective strategies which can help you lead a healthier life.
Recognize and accept your anger. While occasional anger is normal, long-term anger may indicate a deeper issue that requires attention.
Practices such as deep breathing exercises and talk therapy (疗法) can reduce the physical impact of anger on the body. Deep breathing helps calm the nervous system, while discussing your feelings with a professional can provide valuable views and coping ways.
Use anger-management techniques. For instance, instead of yelling, calmly explain the cause of your anger and what you need to feel better. .
A. Identify the cause of your anger.
B. Take part in mental-health exercises.
C. Over time, this can lead to heart disease.
D. It can damage some systems of the brain.
E. It can affect your relationships with your friends.
F. It's important to be aware of how often your anger occurs.
G. Calm expression of anger can prevent it from causing more serious issues.
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20、阅读下列短文,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
Organic (不使用化肥的) farmers produce food with least help from pesticides (杀虫剂), but in limiting the use of chemicals on their own land, they may be unknowingly causing an increase in pesticide use over their neighbour's fence (栅栏).
Ashley Larsen at the University of California and her colleagues looked into land-use and pesticide data across 14,000 fields in Kern County, California. The researchers found that when organic farmland is surrounded by conventional (传统的) agriculture, neighbouring farmers seem to increase their pesticide use, with a 10% rise in organic cropland being linked to a 0.3% increase in total pesticide use on conventional fields. Most of this is driven by greater use of pesticides, the researchers found.
This may be because more insects tend to live on organic land and spill over into neighbouring fields, causing conventional farmers there to increase pesticide use, according to Larsen. The effect appears strongest when neighbouring fields are within 2.5 kilometres of the organic "focal field".
However, the researchers noted that the presence of organic farmland is linked to a reduction in pesticide use on neighbouring organic fields, with a 10% increase in the area of nearby organic cropland being related to a 3% decrease in total pesticide use on organic focal fields. This may be because the larger area of organic farmland allows for a bigger and more stable (稳定的) community of beneficial insects.
When organic agriculture makes up a high rate of farmland—perhaps 20% or more—net pesticide use decreases no matter where the organic fields are sited, say the researchers. But when small areas of organic farmland—like in Kern County, where about 5.5% of agricultural land is organic—evenly spread through the landscape, net pesticide use may in fact be higher than when no organic farming is present.
However, this impact can be softened by bunching up organic farmland. Larsen said, "It might be worth considering how to encourage the concentration of new organic fields to basically take full advantage of its pest control benefits and limit the costs of being organic to conventional growers.
(1)、What's the influence of organic farmland on neighbouring conventional fields?A、A decrease in production. B、An increase in pesticide use. C、A decrease in insect population. D、An increase in beneficial insects.(2)、What is key to reducing total pesticide use in an area according to paragraph 4?A、The stability and population of beneficial insects. B、The farmers' choice of crops to grow. C、The location of the smallest organic farmland. D、The population of organic farmers.(3)、What does the underlined part "bunching up" in the last paragraph mean?A、Looking into. B、Clearing away. C、Setting up. D、Joining together.(4)、What is the primary focus of the researchers' study mentioned in the text?A、The economic impact of organic farming. B、The environmental benefits of organic farming. C、The relationship between organic farming and pesticide use. D、The value of organic produce compared with the conventional.