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Alan Mathison Turing was born in England in 1912. Like many talents who go on to great things, Turing showed his unbelievable intelligence from a very young age. Actually, by the time he was halfway through primary school, Turing's teachers had already realized he was a mathematical genius. He could do complex calculating in his head even though he had never been taught about it.

Fortunately, Turing was the opposite of Hawking, and he absolutely loved school. Proof of this is the extreme lengths he would go just to get to class. For example, on one occasion when there was a train strike, Turing even cycled 60 miles to attend. Now that's devotion!

However, in spite of Turin's scholarly attitude and his obvious genius, his teachers had their concerns about his future. This was because well-known schools in Britain like the ones Turing attended regarded the Classics, such as Latin and Greek as the most important, not subjects like maths and science. Turing's proud teachers even wrote letters to his parents asking them to persuade the young man to focus more on the Classics. Imagine how different the world might be if the young Turing had listened to his teachers! Thankfully, his love for all things scientific and mathematical meant there was no chance of that.

After finishing secondary school, Turing completed a degree in mathematics at King's College Cambridge, and then obtained his PhD from Princeton University in the USA. It was during these university years that he invented the Turing Machine, which is considered by many people to be the earliest version of a computer processing unit. It sounds unbelievable that anybody could have invented something which was similar to a computer in 1936. But that just shows how far ahead of his time Alan Turing was, even when he was still a young man.

When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making.

After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria (细菌)? Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals? With the right combination of animals and plants, he figured, maybe he could clean up waste the way nature did. He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine.

The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge (污泥). First, he constructed a series of clear fiberglass tanks connected to each other. Then he went around to local ponds and streams and brought back some plants and animals. He placed them in the tanks and waited. Little by little, these different kinds of life got used to one another and formed their own ecosystem. After a few weeks, John added the sludge.

He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water.

Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse-like facility that treated sewage (污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China.

"Ecological design" is the name John gives to what he does. "Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor," he says. "You put organisms in new relationships and observe what's happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair."

Female journalists who changed the world

Helen Thomas

Helen was a White House reporter who had a front row scat of history as she interviewed ten America presidents across her career. She was praised for her cruel drive, with one White House press secretary describing her questioning as torture (拷问). Her refusal to hide her strong opinions, even when asking questions to a president, made her one of the best-known journalists in Washington in the field.

Marie Colvin

The passionate and award-winning American journalist Marie Colvin worked as a foreign reporter at The Sunday Times from 1985 until she died in February 2012, while covering Siege of Homs(霍姆斯的围攻) in Syria. Marie crossed into Syria on the back of a motorcycle, ignoring the Syrian government's attempt to prevent foreign journalists from entering the country.

Mary Garber

In 1946, sports journalism was a man's job where female sports writers weren't allowed to enter press boxes. Mary Gaber changed that by paving the way for female sports writers.

She first covered high school sports and then reported on college athletics. In June 2005, she became the first woman to receive the Associated Press Sports Editor's Red Smith Award, presented annually since 1981 for major contributions to sports journalism.

Ann Leslie

Few reporters have filed stories from more than 70 countries, but British journalist Ann Leslie is considered a unique force in journalism. Because the 73-year old woman has witnessed and reported on some of the most significant events of the late 20th century. She was there when the Berlin Wall came down, and she lost her shoes in the crush waiting for Nelson Mandela's release.

 Jeremy Savage aged 17, and Ian Marshall, aged 16, were close friends. They grew up together because their parents were friends, too. Every autumn, the two families would go together on a trip to the Rocky Mountains. This year, under the guidance of park workers, they camped on the hillside. After putting up the tents, the two boys announced to climb Cathedral Mountain by themselves next morning and promised to back before dusk. 

 Next morning, the boys set out with a backpack packed with food and water, the autumn breeze pinking their cheeks. Along the winding path, they glanced at a sea of colourful leaves spreading beneath their feet. As they got near to the top, the path was rocky and less-traveled. After three hours, they reached the top and enjoyed the beautiful view from the mountaintop. Lost in the breathtaking scenery, they felt refreshed from tiredness. How worthwhile the trip was! 

 Having got enough rest, Jeremy and Ian decided to climb down. Suddenly, trouble began. On one very dangerous part of the mountain, Ian fell three metres off the side of the path. Jeremy climbed down to where Ian was and found him badly injured and not able to move. 

"Help!" Jeremy shouted. NO REPLY. "Help!Help!" Jeremy almost cried. But still no replies. If only I had brought my mobile phone in the bag, Jeremy mouthed, regretful and sad. Taking a deep breath, he tried to calm himself down. Then he noticed Ian was bleeding. So he cleaned the dirt and blood from Ian's face and hands, and then tried to help Ian stand up, but Ian's right leg was hurting too much. They had to wait and hope that help would come.While they waited for help, Jeremy gave Ian his food and water and let him lie on his jacket. Jeremy used an extra shirt to keep Ian warm and they rested together against a rock. However, as darkness started to fall, the weather turned cold and windy and help still didn't arrive.

 注意：续写词数应为 150 左右 请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。 

 Paragraph 1 : In low spirits, Ian told Jeremy to leave him and go back to their parents. 

 Paragraph 2 : Exhausted, Jeremy felt hopeless again with Ian on his back. 

 Dear Mike, 

 Yours,  

 Li Hua 

 China has built a high-speed passenger rail network in recent years and will continue to enlarge (rapid). By the end of 2017, China's railway mileage (reach) 127, 000 kilometers, and 25,000 km of it are high-speed rail, makes China's high-speed system the world's (large) high-speed network. 

China's high-speed trains are similar to those of France's TGV, Germany's ICE and Japan's Shinkansen. The fast trains with top speed of 250 - 350km/h are called CRH, China Railway High-speed.

 If you want to travel around China, the high-speed trains will be your ideal vehicle since they are clean, comfortable and modern. Unlike the traditional trains in China, no smoking (allow) on high-speed trains, not even between 

 carriages. 

 To meet the (require) of different passengers, the high-speed railway operators have divided CRH tickets into three types. They are business, first class and second class. There's never a mad crowd with many people (sit) in the aisles as well as in seats.  

 The ticket prices for China's high-speed trains are reasonable , on most routes, the frequency of departure is very high, so it's quite convenient for people(buy) tickets. 

 It is quite a challenge to get close to an animal in the wild, so much of our 1  of wildlife comes from pictures taken by 2 professionals that know how to go near to these animals. These professionals are wildlife photographers. 

 Wildlife photographers depend not only on their photographic skills but also on their knowledge of wildlife. To get good pictures, they sometimes have to 3  long waits, awful weather, and even the 4  of animal attacks. 

 Once they have become 5  with a location, photographers can begin to get 6  enough to animals to take pictures. Some photographers 7  in hut-like (茅舍样的) structures called blinds. This method works well with animals such as birds that depend mainly on their sight to 8  danger. Blinds, 9 , do not work well for taking pictures of animals with a sharp sense of 10 . Photographers may get close to these animals on foot, stay downwind and 11  sudden movements. Food or noises, such as bird calls, may also be used to attract wildlife into 12 . 

 For difficult animals, a photographer may even 13  a camera in the wild with a trip line (绊脚线). Animals that touch the line start it to take pictures of them. Each or these 14  requires great patience and knowledge, but the reward can be a 15  sight of nature. 

Everyone makes countless choices every day.For instance, when hunger strikes, you can reach for a nutritious snack good for your health, or junk food which may contribute to fatness. Then how do you make choices? If you're interested in living a richer, fuller life, there is a foundation which you can base all your decisions on, so that you can make life better not only for yourself, but also for those around you.

Imagine if every parent, mate, friend, teacher, businessman, and politician truly did their best to choose what's best for all in every decision they made, we would certainly live in a more caring, supportive world.

But how do I know what is really best?" you might ask. The answer is simple. It doesn't matter.    What matters is that whatever decision you make, you should choose with a sincere desire for what's best for all. Even if it later turns out that you have made a bad choice, there's no need for guilt ( 愧 疚 ). With a clear heart, you may stay clear and open.  Probably next time you'll achieve a satisfactory outcome.

However, choosing what's best does not mean you have to always sacrifice (牺牲) yourself for others. It's typical of a mother to sacrifice for her kids. However, an overly tired mother may get annoyed easily. Yet in the long run, it can help her to be a better mother to her children. So as you move through each day of your lives, remember to take account of yourselves as you choose what's best.

 A. This may make you feel guilty about your choice. 

B. A working mother can't balance career and family.

C. This foundation is to choose based on what's best.

 D. Some rest for this mother might seem not selfless. 

 E. This then allows you to more easily learn from your mistakes. 

 F. And every choice you make, however big or small, affects you in some way. 

 G. What matters is not the choice you make, but the intention behind your choice. 

Kenya's wildlife officials have made a free mobile phone app, Makenya, to help track wild animals in the country.

 Kenya is home to nearly 400 species of mammals. Officials say it is getting more difficult to protect them, as climate change and human activities damage their natural environment. 

The app lets any user who sees a wild mammal identify it and give its location. Uses can also give other details. "You can also add the behavior. When you see this animal what are they doing? Are they resting? Are they running away? Are they feeding? What are they doing at the moment you see them? said Dr. Simon Musil, a wildlife researcher.

According to Musila, there is a need to have many people use the app to get more information about the animals. This can help the small number of mammal specialist in KenyA. The specialists have kept records of the animals' changing environments and survival conditions. Many people, including safari guides, visitors, student or anyone who goes out and sees the animals could also use the app. They can upload images and add details, such as the number of mammals and their exact locations.

 Samson Onyuok, one of the app users, said he is proud to help protect animals in his country. As a Kenyan, that is his little way of contributing to the conservation initiatives. Users like him have reported more than 2500 mammal sightings since August. 

 Experts say that while Africa is not the cause of much climate change, it is badly affected by it. Dr. Philip Muruthi, director of the African Wildlife Foundation, said that the birth rate of rare mammals (哺乳动物) and the survival rate of young ones are dropping. 

"It is very hard to benefit or manage what you don't know," he said. "That is why this is so important. It is going to tell us which species we have, where they are, and maybe which ones are highly endangered, what we need to do about them. And especially not just the big things but also the small things, like the bats."

The Jane Austen Society of North America (JASNA) is dedicated to the enjoyment and appreciation of Jane Austen and her writing. JASNA is a nonprofit organization, staffed by volunteers, whose mission is to foster among the widest number of readers the study, appreciation, and understanding of Jane Austen's works, her life, and her genius. We have over 5,000 members of all ages and from diverse walks of life. Although most live in the United States or Canada, we also have members in more than a dozen other countries.

JASNA conducts an annual student Essay Contest to promote the study and appreciation of Jane Austen's writing in new generations of readers. Students worldwide are invited to compete for scholarship awards.

 2023 Contest Topic: Marriages and Proposals(求婚) 

 The 2023 Essay Contest topic is inspired by the theme of our upcoming Annual General Meeting: Pride and Prejudice. 

 Submissions 

 The deadline for submissions is Thursday, June 1, 2023. We will begin accepting submissions in February 2023. 

 Essay Contest Awards 

First Place: $1, 000 scholarship, plus free registration and two nights' lodging ( 住 宿 ) for JASNA's 2023 Annual General Meeting in Denver. Second Place: $500 scholarship. Third Place: $250 scholarship.

Winners will also receive one year of membership in JASNA, publication of their essays on this website, and a set of Norton Critical Editions of Jane Austen's novels.

 Essay Format