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Rwanda is a country in Africa. Last October, Mara, a company in Rwanda，opened a factory in Kigali to make the first smartphones built completely in Africa. A week later, Mara opened a second factory in Durban, a large city of South Africa. 

Africa already has some factories that put phones together out of a few large components (零件). But Mara is actually making phones from the lowest level. When it comes to creating complete smartphones, Mara is still at the early stage (阶段). 

Both factories have about 200 workers. In Kigali, that number is expected to grow to about 500. The Durban factory could one day have as many as 1，500 workers. The company says that about 60% of the two factories' workers are women.

Mara has started by making two types of smartphones. The Mara X sells for $130, and the more powerful Mara Z costs $190. That's a little more than most phones sold in Rwanda. But Mara hopes that people will spend a little bit more to have a better phone. About 15% of the people in Rwanda have smartphones. In South Africa, the number is around 36%. Mara believes that these numbers will keep growing. They hope that lots of new buyers will choose Mara phones because they're made in Africa.

Mara has opened many stores for selling its phones. But the company isn't just selling the phones in Rwanda and South Africa. So far, it has shipped its phones out to 41 other countries. The company has already produced tens of thousands of phones and believes that in the future it will be able to make several million phones each year. Mara hopes to open a third factory in Nigeria in the next few years.

A child plays many roles, such as friend, neighbour, son or daughter. Simply reminding children of that fact can lead to better problem-solving and more flexible(灵活的) thinking, finds a new research from Duke University. 

"This is some of the first research on reminding kids about their many roles," said lead author Sarah Gaither, a professor at Duke. "Such reminders improve their problem-solving skills and how flexibly they see their social worlds. "

In one experiment, Gaither and her workmates looked at 196 children, aged 6 and 7. All were native English speakers. The first group of children was reminded of their various identities, such as son, daughter, reader or helper. The second group of children was reminded of their many physical features. The rest of the children were reminded of other children's many roles, not their own.

All the children solved many tasks. The first group of children showed stronger problem-solving and creative thinking skills. For example, when shown pictures of a bear looking at a honey-filled beehive(蜂巢) high up in a tree, these children had more creative ideas for how the bear might get the honey, such as turning over a bowl as a seat. 

The second group of children also showed more flexible thinking about social groupings. When asked to group different photos of faces, they suggested many ways to do so. For example, they identified smiling faces VS unsmiling ones, and old faces VS young faces. The other children mainly grouped people's faces by race and gender.

"We often only think about ourselves in connection with one important group at a time," said Christopher Marlowe, a schoolmaster in Durham, North Carolina. "When we remind kids that they have various identities, they think more and remember that there are many other groups. They are more open-minded. "

Last year I went to the Rio de Janeiro Carnival, and it blew my mind. It had been my dream to attend the famous carnival for many years, so I was excited. However, the moment I arrived, I was a little bit nervous because there were so many people on the streets. They say that five or six million people come to Rio during carnival time and about two million of them are on the streets on any given day. Luckily, I had a local guide, my sisterˈs friend Ronnie. He said he would take care of me and show me all the highlights. He did not let me down. 

The carnival is most definitely all about the samba. Itˈs a style of music and dance which has its roots in Africa. Lots of Africans were used as slave labor by the Portuguese when Brazil was being colonized (殖民), so this mixed culture of African, Latin and European styles is really strong here. Samba music is usually fast and exciting with a lot of drums and harmonic vocals (和声). Itˈs the kind of music that you canˈt help dancing to, and I was learning that as I followed Ronnie through the crowd, my hips and shoulders were swinging (摇摆) almost involuntarily. 

Ronnie had got us tickets for the samba parade, the symbol of Brazilian culture, inside the Sambadrome where the top samba schools compete for the championship title, but we still had a long way to go through the street parties. He said most people enjoy the carnival by making their own parties in the street. About the samba parade, twelve main teams compete for the championship, and if they win, their performance will be talked about for years to come. So, you must be wondering how it was. Well, Iˈm afraid I canˈt tell you. Ronnie and I never made into the Sambadrome. We spent the day moving from one street party to another. There were more snacks, more drinks and lots of dancing. Do I regret missing the main parade? Not at all. I experienced the carnival like the locals, and it was truly amazing. 

These are four famous tourist attractions around the world!

The Forbidden City

The Forbidden City in Beijing, China, was completed in 1420 during the early Ming Dynasty. It is the largest ancient palatial(宫殿似的)building in the world and it's open to tourists to allow them to have a look at ancient Chinese architecture.

Niagara Falls State Park

When you arrive at Niagara Falls State Park, you'll explore the Cave of the Winds to have an up-close look at the falls. The Cave of the Winds is a self-guided tour, which means you can spend as much time as you would like. There is no need to make a reservation. The Cave of the Winds closes during winter, so make sure it's open before visiting.

The Little Mermaid

The little Mermaid is a statue in Copenhagen, Denmark. It sits on a rock in the harbor. It was inspired by a performance of a ballet based on the fairy tale The Little Mermaid by Hans Christian Andersen. And there are many tourists taking photos with the Little Mermaid every year. 

The Taj Mahal

As one of the Seven Wonders of the world, the Taj Mahal is the jewel of India. It is considered as the finest example of Mughal architecture, a mix of Indian, Persian and Islamic styles. 

There was a young boy at a beautiful beach digging sands using his plastic tools. While his other friends were playing the whole time, the little boy spent his day creating his sandcastle. He even made a moat (护城河) using a spoon, a bridge with a stick and walls for his castle.

After a whole long day, he finished his dream sandcastle until the waves washed his hard work. Holding back his tears, the boy didn't get mad and instead decided to study the waves that destroyed his creation.

The boy was aware of the tide and saw it a couple of times already. 

Basically, no matter where you are, the waves of life will always find you. 

续写要求：1. 续写词数应为150左右；2. 请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。

注意：1. 词数80左右；2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

Dear Jacob,

Yours,

Li Hua

Chess is a game of make-believe kings and queens, pawns and rooks. For 12-year-old Andre, chess is more  just a game.

He uses what he learned on the chessboard in real life, like, think before you move. He's just one of the students from some of Los Angeles' toughest neighborhoods (learn) to play.

Damen Fletcher,  learned how to play chess at age 13, grew up in Compton. After leaving the city  (attend) college, he came home to find his  (child) friends struggling.

"Some of  (they) had even fallen into prison (牢狱). I just wondered, 'Why did I have such a different result?' And it was chess," he said.

He started Train of Thought to help kids of all  (age) find their inner king or queen.

"Every game of chess is 75 to 100 moves, and every single move that your opponent (对手) makes presents  new problem for you to solve," he said.

So, how does Fletcher teach a 5-year-old how to play chess?

"We have a really  (interest) story that we use to help kids － that age set up a chessboard for the first time," Fletcher said. "It goes: the king and the queen got married. They  (ride) on horses to their castle (城堡) and had eight children."

When I began to let my boys, Jason and Justin, stay alone after school, I told them to call my office and tell me when they arrived home from school. After that, they were 1  to call in an emergency. I explained to them that I was 2  work and could not be 3  phone calls every few minutes. Yet over and over the 4  would ring with both of them trying to explain to me at the same time what the other had done wrong. We would go over the 5  again, and the calls might 6  for a while.

The real topper came the day I was called out of a meeting with the 7  that my son was on the telephone with an emergency. Of course, my heart raced, and I 8  for my phone. I answered, only to have Jason tell me that we had no 9  in the house. As my heart stopped racing, I 10  that there was plenty of food in the house. "But we have no chips," he responded. 11  in the eyes of a boy, when you have no potato chips, you have no food. At the time I was not very 12  him, and by the time I hung up, he was aware of my displeasure.

Over the years, as my sons have grown up, the 13  of that phone call brings laughter to my heart. I guess it is 14  for us moms to remember that adults and children may have very different 15  on what makes an emergency.

You see people making big life changes, like going to medical school at 45, because they couldn't imagine being an accountant (会计师) for 20 more years. It seems magical, like one day they just decided to make it happen. For some people, it might work that way.  In truth, it takes years of thinking and planning. I've figured out how to streamline things a bit. You may want to try it yourself.

First, accept the uncertainty of life. As much as we don't like to admit it, life is uncertain.  If you doubt me, go back 10 years and ask yourself where you thought you'd be now. I doubt it looks exactly like you planned.

Second, be open to possibilities. Many times, we know we want to do something, but we don't know what "it" is. Explore a bit. Brainstorm.

Then, once you decide on something, it's time to plan a bit.  As you meet different difficulties, make sure you spend time questioning your assumptions (设想). Maybe something you always considered true is nothing more than someone else's opinion.

Finally, as paths (路线) open, head down them. Don't worry if you experience false starts.  Almost all of the stories readers shared with me about doing life-changing things involved changing plans, disappointment and lots of hard work. But in the end, it was worth it.

A. That might seem a bit obvious.

B. At this point, difficulties start to show up.

C. We never know exactly where it will take us.

D. It stops you from just making big life changes.

E. However, most of the time, it's much less magical.

F. Allow things to come up and be open to new ideas.

G. There will be plenty of those, and you may only need a quick course correction.

The Amazon rainforest is as pristine (处于原始状态的) a place as most people can imagine, but even there, the effects of a changing climate are playing out. Previous research found that some birds in the Amazon are experiencing drops that may be related to climate change. Now, new research suggests that as the Amazon's dry season has gotten hotter, some species are starting to evolve (进化).

For the new study, researchers studied 77 non-migratory species over a 40-year period. They reported in the journal Science Advances that 36 species have lost weight, as much as 2 percent of their body weight every ten years since 

1980. Meanwhile, all the species became smaller in body size, while a third grew longer wings.

The researchers themselves are unsure what advantage the wing length changes give the birds, but smaller birds may have an easier time keeping cool. In general, smaller animals have a larger ratio (比例) of surface area to body size, so they dissipate more heat faster than a bigger animal. Less available food, such as fruit or insects, in dryer weather might lead to smaller body size.

"Think about a fighter plane. It has short wings and is heavy. It has to go really fast to stay high in the air, so it uses up plenty of energy," says ecologist Vtek Jirinec, who led the new study, while a glider (滑翔机) almost uses no power to stay high in the air, because it's got these long wings, and it's light."

For those who wonder why a small body change in a small homebody bird should matter, Jirinec points to how our actions have effects we don't always see － such as changing the size and shape of animals half a world away.

"We think of Amazonia as a pristine place, full of life, untouched by people, away from deforestation," Jirinec says. "But it looks like no, not necessarily."

Early reports on COVID-19 compared what was developing to the "Spanish Flu", an influenza pandemic (流感大流行) just over 100 years earlier. And yet, I grew up never having heard my parents speak of it or their experiences! I had questions about it, but no answers since my parents are no longer with us. I thought to myself, "I don't want this kind of thing to happen to the younger generation in my family in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic."

One day in December 2020, 1 had an idea of a family quilt (被子) documenting our family's experience of the pandemic. The idea excited me because I've always loved quilting. Also, I really wanted something creative to do during lockdown.

I ran the idea by my family members - my four adult children and their spouses (配偶) (with invitations also to my eight grandchildren). They all gave it some thought and said "Go for it!"

So, I asked each person to create a square to express their views on and experiences of the pandemic. We did some brainstorming together. I ordered the cloth and quilting supplies we needed. And we found a good local shop that did a great job printing photos and other designs onto cloth. Each family unit contributed a few completed squares for a total of 20 squares. The quilt covers three generations: the youngest family member is 17 this year, and I'm the oldest at 83. It took us almost four months from the time I imagined it to the day I finished sewing (缝) it up.

Once the pandemic has ended, I will sew the end date and any other key information onto the inside of the quilt. It may not be as skilled as some of my earlier work － I hadn't made a quilt in a long time! － but it's certainly one of the most creative and exciting things I've done, already serving the cause of bringing our family closer together.

A librarian, Jennifer Williams's mother read to her three children every day. "Not until we went to kindergarten (幼儿园)," Williams said. "Until we went to college."

When Williams, now 54, became a primary school teacher in Danville, Virginia, she wanted her students to fall in love with reading just as she had. But she realized that some kids had limited access (使用的机会) to books.

"It's very obvious to teachers of young children which kids are read to versus kids who are not," she said. To Williams, the solution (解决办法) was simple: Give kids books. In 2017, as part of an event called Engage Danville, she gave away 900 used children's books over three days. Most people would be satisfied with that. Most.

"My husband was like, `Wow, congratulations,' and I was like, `Well, anybody can do that,' " she said. "I told him, 'I want to give away a million books.'"

It sounds like an unreachable number, but as Williams posted on Facebook: "Don't complain in the bleachers (露天看台) if you aren't willing to work hard out on the field."

So she got to work, first by roping in friends to donate books or money to buy books. "I've lived in this town for 35 years," she said. "My community has come together and said, 'You've always helped us, now let us help you.'"

Before long, as news of Williams' s project spread, strangers started leaving books on her front porch (门廊). As quickly as the books come in, Williams gives them to local schools and little free libraries in Danville.

In the four years she' s been doing all this, the Book Lady, as Williams has come to be known, has given away more than 78,000 books - only 922,000 more to reach her goal! And she' s not slowing down. It's too important for kids with few options.

"Reading can take you anywhere," she said. "You can travel in time and space. If you can read, you can learn almost anything."

Summer Nights 2022 - The Blue Room Theatre

Summer Nights is a program of theatre and performance held every year at the Blue Room Theatre during Perth's Summer Festival Season. Information about some of the shows included in Summer Nights 2022 is listed below.

Conversations with a Fish

Ages: 14 years and older

Dates: Thursday, 27 January 2022 to Thursday, 3 February 2022

Running Time: 70 minutes

Ticket Prices: Early Bird $21.00, Full Price $28.00, Concession (减价票) $23.00

Show Summary:

A fish faces different existential dilemmas (困境) relating to human experience. What happens? You decide.

107

Ages: 15 years and older

Dates: Thursday, 27 January 2022 to Saturday, 5 February 2022

Running Time: 90 minutes

Ticket Prices: Early Bird $23.00, Full Price $30.00, Concession $25.00

Show Summary:

Four students, four girls of colour, four young people just try to get through high school and figure out their place in the world.

She's Terribly Greedy

Ages: 15 years and older

Dates: Thursday, 27 January 2022 to Thursday, 3 February 2022

Running Time: 50 minutes

Ticket Prices: Early Bird $21.00, Full Price $28.00, Concession $23.00

Show Summary:

20-year-old Ellenore looks at a feast (盛宴), each plate a different future calling out to her － and she wants everything. She wants to wear every dress hanging in her closet. She wants every possible version of herself. Yet here she stands, looking at her future, and can't choose.

Utopia

Ages: 16 years and older

Dates: Tuesday, 8 February 2022 to Saturday, 12 February 2022

Running Time: 45 minutes

Ticket Prices: Early Bird $18.00, Full Price $25.00, Concession $20.00

Show Summary:

Utopia is a work of anger, despair and resilience (适应力) ... an expression from a young man watching horrors (可怕的经历) unfold in his homeland Afghanistan and across the world.

My Father, My Hero

I consider my father to be the most important person in my life. This is not because he is famous or wealthy. My father might work hard, but he is always there for us. Whenever I trip or hurt myself playing sports, he's there to pick me up. My brother and I grew up with his constant care and the funny nursery rhymes and stories he told us. 

My father also helps our local community. My father has been successful as he never shrinks from helping others. People also like him because he often has a smile on his face. He is optimistic and finds good in all situations. He is great at problem-solving, and his favorite phrases are "Don't worry! It's not worth it" and "It will be all right—just you wait and see". He is always right! And I have learnt from him the need to be patient and honest, and to care for other people.

I can well remember that when my mother and father got married, they did not have much money. The situation got worse when they had children. When we were very young, my father had an extra job as a hotel porter, and he also mopped the floor of a hotel every night so that he could give us a special treat or a vacation. At the start of last year, my father began putting at least fifty cents every day into a jar on a shelf in his bedroom. We all wondered what he was saving the money for, but he refused to tell us. 

Then, in December, I noticed that the jar was empty. Thinking of his deep love for us, I thought that my father must have spent the money he had saved for our Christmas gifts. Many nights, I pictured what gift father would bring home for us on Christmas Eve. As Christmas drew near, my expectation grew stronger. However, when that big evening finally arrived, my father came home just with some candies and balloons! Feeling too disappointed to say a simple word, I rushed back to my bedroom, wondering what the money was used for indeed. 

注意：1. 续写词数应为80-100词；2. 请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。

Later the next year, I found that his best friend passed away, leaving the family too poor to send the son to school.

假如你是李华，一个月之前你在Mr. Smith所属的公司实习。在此期间你得到了他的悉心指导和帮助。请用英文写一封信向Mr. Smith表达你对他的感谢，内容主要包括：1、表达感谢；2、感谢他的原因。

注意： 1、词数80-100左右；2、可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。3、参考词汇：实习 internship n.

Dear Mr. Smith,

I'm Li Hua. 

Yours'

Li Hua

A Lifelong Journey, a TV series (adapt) from writer Liang Xiaosheng's novel has been a huge hit on TV and online. Some famous actors, such as Lei Jiayin, Song Jia, and Yin Tao, join in the show, which (focus) on the ups and downs of Zhou's family over five decades. It is set in the 1970s so it's not (surprise) that the family has to deal with lots of social changes. The show explores themes of family, friendship and romance. Many viewers describe the show a time machine reflecting how we get here.

Painting a picture of ordinary Chinese people living in the changing times, the novel won the writer Liang, the 10th Mao Dun Literary Award, one of China's top literary (award). Millions of people have been touched by the family's story, makes readers find out what lies deep in their hearts.

Translating such a series of stories to the small screen had been challenge for scriptwriter Wang Hailing. "(frank) speaking, it is very difficult," Wang said. "The lives of the three siblings (兄弟姊妹) are telling the story of a small family. But when we consider the bigger picture, the country (it) is made up of millions of such small families. " According to Cheng Wu, producer of A Lifelong Journey, a deep sense of responsibility inspired him (produce) the best adaptation of the work.

It's been seven months since I arrived in Melbourne, Australia. Things have 1 dramatically in a short time. During the first few weeks, I was nervous but 2 to begin a whole new life here. 3 , after several weeks, the excitement 4 and homesickness set in. It wasn't a powerful feeling but enough to make me sleepless at night 5 my family and friends back home. How I wished I could have been with them!

Things started to 6 after I spent some wonderful time with my new friends in Melbourne. We practiced languages, talked about cultural differences and saw some places of interest as a 7 . I was deeply impressed by how 8 it is to have such good people in one's life, because they can make such a(n) 9 .

 10  to Melbourne after going home for Christmas felt like returning to a second 11  , a place where I belonged and there were people I cared so much about. With days passing by, more and more people 12  my life; they came with not only kindness and 13  , but also novel ideas and anything that great friends could have. 

To travel and visit other places around the world is one of the most 14  things you can do in life. 15  other cultures and learning about the whole world are such meaningful things to do. 

Language is a part of culture and plays a very important role in it.  Yet language is not the only way to express our ideas and feelings. Body movement, eye contact, gesture, and facial expression are other forms of language we call nonverbal communication.  According to Social Anthropologist, Edward T. Hall, in a normal conversation between two persons, less than 15% of social meaning is transmitted (传达) by words. 

Different cultures have different ways of using nonverbal communication and people have different gestures to convey their expressions. However, nonverbal communication, like traffic, is not random (随意的);it has a purpose.  Learning the different common rules of body language in different cultures is very useful for us to understand each other better. 

People coming from the same culture share common understanding by using the same body language such as eye management, facial expressions, gestures, and body movements. For example, "arms", which are used little by Nordics during a conversation, are an important element in one's communicative weaponry (武器) in Italy, Spain, and South America. In these cultures, one should stand with feet pressed together and hands interlaced (交错) in front of the body. In cultures such as America, where you often stand with your feet shoulderlength apart, arms at your side, standing in this fashion might be interpreted as being shy and insecure.

A. Misuse of body language can be unpleasant. 

B. And there are common rules to guide its flow. 

C. Without language, culture would not be possible. 

D. Body language makes up the largest part of our nonverbal communication. 

E. But in different cultures nonverbal communication takes on different patterns. 

F. If you' re learning a new language, a great way is to watch movies and TV shows.

G. In Africa, standing in a too "open" fashion, means that your posture might be inappropriate.

Officials at Northland Pines School District are working with a tech company called Spooky Action on a program to allow students to use the Internet through drones (无人机). 

About 10 percent of Northland Pines students don't have any Internet access at home, and as many as 40 percent have poor connection speeds which hardly meet the demands of home learning. District leaders have tried for more than ten years to close that gap, but there are no easy solutions. "We're a district of about 500 square miles and getting Internet connect ion for every family is a challenge," says Harlan Leusink, the director of technology for the district.

The program will use drones that are connected to a power source on the ground and that can stay in the air for weeks and even months. The drones will serve as flying cell towers. However, the purpose of designing drones had nothing to do with the education but it was related to disasters. "A hurricane comes in and blows down all your cell towers; it's pretty easy to put up a flying cell tower," Rahul Tiwari, Spooky Action's CEO, says. "It's not necessary to replace a cell tower. The idea is to quickly meet the Internet needs of a community without having to build a million cell towers everywhere. "

While the drones can stay in the air for more than a month, that's not usually necessary when they provide the Internet for students. Tiwari says the drones will be active during peak class and homework times and won't be flying overnight.

Leusink says his district is looking at the drone service as a proof-of-concept for where and how they need to set up more permanent (永久的) devices. If a drone in a certain area gives students good coverage in that area, he says the next step will be for the district to look for more permanent land-based solutions. 

Australian magpies (喜鹊) are common in Australia, loved and feared in equal measure. The fear arises from the fact that nesting females aggressively dive at animals, including or perhaps especially humans, often drawing blood. The love comes from the fact that they are simply everywhere, easy to identify, and possessed of a song that has come to represent the sound of nature. 

And also, they seem rather clever. Now, research by zoologists at the University of Wester Australia has corroborated this, but their levels of intelligence are dependent on the size of the group they belong to. 

To reach this conclusion, the Australian scientist examined 56 birds from 14 groups of wild magpies living in the suburbs of Western Australia's capital city, Perth. The groups ranged between 3 and 12 individuals. Each magpie-tested separately to avoid the risk of it getting help from its mates-was put through four tasks that tested its cognitive(认知的)abilities. These included finding food hidden in a transparent container, finding food hidden in differently colored containers, and a memory test involving finding hidden food. Adult and young birds were tested repeatedly and the results were clear. The birds that lived in larger groups were quicker to master the tasks than those that lived in smaller ones. The difference between intelligent big group members and less intelligent little group members appeared very early in the birds' lives.

In a paper published in the journal Nature, lead author Benjamin Ashton and his colleagues report that birds living in large groups "show increased cognitive performance". Moreover, this "general intelligence factor"is strongly linked to reproductive (生殖的)success in females.

Ashton suggests that the findings indicate the evolution of intelligence is influenced by pressures present in a complex social group. "Our results suggest that the social environment plays a key role in the development of cognition, " he says.