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In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People, Dale Carnegie wrote: "I have come to the conclusion that there is only one way to get the best of an argument — and that is to avoid it. " This distaste for arguments is common, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes problems for our personal and social lives — and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.

Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them. Like physical fights, verbal (言语的) fights can leave both sides bloodied. Even when you win, you end up no better off. You would be feeling almost as bad if arguments were even just competitions — like, say, tennis tournaments. Pairs of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner comes out from all who entered. Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking explains why so many people try to avoid arguments. 

However, there are ways to win an argument every time. When you state your position, formulate (阐述) an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good. When you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view and spell out their argument fully. Assess its strength and weakness. Raise objections (异议) and listen carefully to their replies. This method will require effort, but practice will make you better at it. 

These tools can help you win every argument — not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about what divides people, learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them. If we readjust our view of arguments — from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain respect and understanding from each other — then we change the very nature of what it means to "win" an argument.

Parrots are prey animals, which means that other predators (捕食者) in the wild, such as hawks or snakes, are looking to make them into a meal. This one factor influences parrots' behavior in your house more than any other.

Parrots are most easily hurt when feeding on the ground. Membership in a group plays an important function in ensuring their safety and improving their chances of survival from attacks by predators. The most common predators of parrots include hawks, snakes, cats, monkeys, and bats. Some predators make attacks only during the day while others hunt in the night. 

As prey animals, parrots are constantly watching out for danger and they instinctively (本能地) react to risks. Their first choice is to take flight. However, if this is not possible, they will fight with their powerful beaks to defend themselves. 

Because their biggest enemy is the hawk, parrots are especially reactive to quick movements from above and behind. For this reason, it is wise to avoid quick, sudden movements near your bird. This is a built-in reaction not subject to logic or reason. Simple and relatively harmless household objects can draw extreme fear responses from a bird. For example, a balloon may represent a hawk or a vacuum hose (吸尘器软管) may be the same as a snake in your bird's mind.

As prey animals, parrots are often frightened by exposure to new household items or strangers. It is important to expose your bird to safe experiences and changes starting at a very young age to build flexibility and improve their adaptability. Variety in diet and toys, travel, and exposure to new people and places all help to make your bird more flexible and adaptable to change. 

Yellowstone Poster Exhibition to Be on View at UW's Coe Library

A first-of-its-kind exhibition that focuses on the history of Yellowstone National Park posters will be on display at the University of Wyoming's Coe Library beginning Tuesday, February 1.

"Wonderland Illustrated" will present posters and poster-style illustrations of the park spanning from the 1870s through 2022. The exhibition will be located on Level 3 of Coe Library. It will be on view through Tuesday, May 31.

The exhibition takes place at the same time as this year's 150th anniversary of the creation of Yellowstone National Park. The posters in the exhibition serve the purpose of both advertising and art.

"We're thrilled to be working with Yellowstone collectors Jack and Susan Davís, and Larry and Thea Lancaster to bring this exhibition to the University of Wyoming as part of year-long celebrations recognizing Yellowstone's 150th anniversary, " says Tamsen Hert, head of UW Libraries' Emmett D. Chisum Special Collections. "This exhibition involves the history of printing, art, photography and advertising over 16 decades. The images reproduced are found on travel brochures, postcards and maps—many of which are held in our collections. "

One poster from the exhibition—Henry Wellge's "Yellowstone National Park" from1904—was recently purchased with donated funds and is now part of UW Libraries' Emmett D. Chisum Special Collections. Wellge, a productive bird's-eye-view artist, designed the piece for the Northern Pacific Railroad, which used it to advertise the park. This is a unique piece, as posters such as this one were printed on soft paper and very few have survived.

A Midnight Rescue

It was not uncommon to carry out tasks at night as rescuers. Harry and David were informed of their task when it was nearly midnight. It was urgent so there was no time to hesitate. They headed into the forest. 

The forest was black and silent. A little way into it they reached a fork in the earth path. Harry and David took the left path. They walked in silence, their eyes on the ground, watching out for the traps like big pits（坑）set by the illegal hunters. Every now and then a ray of moonlight through the branches above lit a spot of scarlet（猩红的）blood on the fallen leaves. 

David saw that Harry looked very worried, asking, "Could Unicorn be hurt that badly?" Harry answered, "If we can't find it as soon as possible, it doesn't stand much chance to survive. " Of course, Unicorn was not the animal in fairy tales but the nickname of a 3-year-old elephant, the last wild elephant in this forest. The nickname was given by the biodiversity rescuers who were protecting every member in this forest. They knew Unicorn was obedient and not afraid of human beings and that sometimes put it in danger. "Without it, the forest was not complete. Those illegal hunters should be thrown into prison. " Harry thought, carrying his first aid kit（急救箱）on his back and walking forward with his flashlight. 

It seemed that thick fog would come at any time, which would increase the danger. Harry hurried into the heart of the forest with David. They walked for nearly half an hour, deeper and deeper. There were blood splashes（血迹）on the roots of a tree, as though the poor creature had been struggling around in pain close by. "We must hurry up", said Harry. 

注意：1. 续写词数应为150左右；2. 请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。

Paragraph 1:

However, it was really not easy for them to find it. 

Paragraph 2:

Without delay, Harry knelt down to do first aid on its wound with David holding the flashlight. 

注意：1. 词数100左右；
2. 短文题目和首已你写好。

Less Waste, Better World

October 16th was named officially by the UN in 1981 as World Food Day. 

China's tourism market is set to flourish during the upcoming Spring Festival holiday, bookings multiplied over the same period last year. A report (release) earlier this week by Chinese online travel giant Ctrip shows that bookings for domestic, outbound (出境的), and inbound travels all have been experiencing significant year-on-year (grow). 

 Travel bookings to Harbin in northeast China's Heilongjiang province (increase) more than 14-fold to date compared with the same period last year, (primary) by tourists from the south of the country. Sanya in south China's Hainan province and Kunming in Southwest China's Yunnan province are the destinations of choice for many north) tourists. 

As a time known for family reunions, the Spring Festival holiday will see more families (hit) the road. Bookings on Ctrip show that 47 percent of all tourists are choosing to travel with their families. Among them, most have chosen to rent cars, book tailor-made trips, take bus tours with local guides. 

Tourists from Japan, the United States, South Korea and many other countries have chosen to visit Shanghai, Beijing and some renowned tourism attractions in China. Harbin, one of the (hot) destinations in the country this winter,  has also attracted the attention of foreign media, is also a top choice for overseas travelers. 

Sometimes, the life will enlighten you in an unexpected way. I experienced a day when I was extraordinarily 1 . I'm never a picture of grace, but on this particular day, I seemed to be 2 everything. It's an old church, and the floor is 3 in some places, so my fall was the floor's fault. But when I fell again on my way out to the car, and yet again in my own home, I began to grow 4 . Had I let myself get so stressed out that I had 5 become sick?

Having been raised by devoted Christian parents who also worked in the mental-health field, I tended to look for spiritual and emotional reasons before I headed to the local 6 . I have the calming practice that 7  a yoga pose with a breath prayer. I went to 8  more comfortable clothes for the exercise, and as I removed my shoes, I was 9 !

I wasn't having a stroke at all. I had completely worn out my favorite pair of sandals. The soles (鞋底) of both shoes were split in two! I had 10 all the possibilities to figure out what was causing my clumsiness. It never occurred to me to check my soles.

So often when we start to feel 11 , we look for ways to make things better. But just as it never occurred to me to check the soles of my shoes, our own souls are the very 12 thing we think of to check. Take a moment to remember the last time you sat still, meditating. If you can't remember when that was, it might be a(n) 13 .

The local cobbler (鞋匠) said my soles were irreparable. We had a good 14 , but it was time to let them go. Fortunately for us, our souls can be mended and restored — once we realize they are in need of 15 . 

Body Language Mistakes You Should Avoid at Work

Communication is not only about words but also gestures. Therefore, you should be careful about how you use your body when expressing yourself. 

Avoiding eye contact (接触).

When speaking with a workmate, avoiding eye contact makes you look unprofessional (不专业的). It also shows that you are not confident or show no interest in the topic. 

Crossing your arms.

Crossing your arms shows that you are not open to others and that you want to defend yourself. This is generally considered as a position of defense. 

Checking the time every few minutes makes people feel you are in a hurry or would rather be somewhere else. It looks like you are not interested in being there. Therefore, when you are speaking to your workmates, try not to look at the clock very often. 

Bad body postures.

Having a bad posture such as dropped shoulders or a lower neck can mean that you are not interested in what is going on around you. It is important to stand or sit up straight when speaking to somebody. 

Weak handshake.

A weak handshake means that you don't care much about the person you are shaking hands with. However, don't forget that a handshake that is too firm can be impolite. Therefore, try to find the right balance.

A. Checking the time. 

B. Also, keep your head high. 

C. Nod your head to show that you are listening. 

D. This shows that you have' confidence in yourself.

E. Try to greet the people with a firm handshake. 

F. In order to give others a warm feeling, just keep your arms open. 

G. Therefore, you should always keep eye contact especially when you are making a point. 

"Practice makes perfect" is a very popular expression. However, can we take this saying literally?

One popular theory (理论) is that if a person practises for at least 10, 000 hours, they will reach "perfection"—or, in other words, become an expert in their field. This theory was made famous by Malcolm Gladwell in his 2008 best-selling book, Outliers: The Story of Success. He gave the examples of the music group The Beatles and Microsoft co-creator Bill Gates, who clearly put in over 10, 000 hours of practice before they became successful.

However, Gladwell's book has been said by many to be too simplistic and generalising. Although Gladwell's work was largely based on research done by Anders Ericsson, Ericsson argued that 10, 000 hours was just an average figure. Some people, for example, needed far fewer than 10, 000 hours, and others many more. More importantly, Ericsson said that just practising a lot was not enough; the type and quality of practice were also significant. He went on to explain the importance of "deliberate practice", which is when a person practises a specific part of a skill in depth rather than practising a skill as a whole. Deliberate practice is said to be much more effective, though more tiring.

Many other studies argue that practice alone is far from enough. In fact, a more recent study from Princeton University stated that practice only accounted for up to 26% of reaching an expert level. Many other factors contribute to people becoming experts. Natural talent is an important factor, which is especially evident in sports. For instance, many baseball players in America have amazing vision that allows them to see the ball much sooner than others do. Besides, IQ, personality, attitude, and starting age are decisive factors, too. It is also important to note that becoming an expert doesn't equal instant success. Success also relies on social factors, environmental factors, and even just being in the right place at the right time!

In conclusion, practice may not make perfect, but deliberate practice has been shown to lead to significant improvement. 

On Christmas Eve, a team of reindeer (驯鹿) will help Santa Claus deliver gifts to children all around the world. The reindeers, led by their fearless leader Rudolph, won't be the only ones doing something special. Back in the highest Arctic, their cousins have a remarkable ability changing their eye color.

During the summer months, when the days are long and the sun is bright, reindeer's tapetum lucidum (荧光膜), a mirror-like layer at the back of their eye, appears golden, which helps bounce the majority of light off the eyes, effectively acting like a pair of natural sunglasses. As winter comes, and the days become shorter and darker, the tapetum lucidum turns blue to absorb more light, allowing reindeer to improve their night vision and see clear in low light conditions.

With these adaptations, reindeer can adapt and thrive in one of the harshest environments on Earth. Unlike humans, reindeer can see well into the shorter Ultra Violet (UV) range. This UV vision enables them to spot food and predators more effectively in the snowy landscape. Lichens, a key part of their winter diet , absorb UV, so they show up dark against UV-reflecting white snow. Wolf and polar bear fur also absorb UV, so instead of disappearing against snow they pop out in high contrast, allowing reindeer to spot potential threats from a distance. 

Reindeer change their eyes by adjusting their tapetum lucidum, which is made of collagen fibers. In winter, the collagen fibers become packed tighter, causing the tapetum lucidum to mainly reflect blue light. This change happens when reindeer dilate their pupils (瞳孔). In summer, the reindeer's pupils return to a smaller size, which helps reindeer reduce the amount of light entering the eye.

But their unique adaptation may hurt them. Today, the increasing use of artificial lighting, especially during the winter months, poses a potential threat to their sensitive eyes. It can make reindeer lose their way, affecting their ability to survive in their challenging environment. So it is crucial for us to be mindful of our use of electricity and make efforts to minimize light pollution to ensure the well-being and survival of these magnificent creatures.