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Researchers at Cornell University addressed this question by attaching brain-scanning electrodes and tiny eye-tracking cameras to mice. They monitored the mice as they learned new tasks during the day, such as observing them during sleep. (Fun fact: mice can sleep with their eyes open.)

The study revealed two distinct substages during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, a critical period for memory formation. One substage replayed new memories, coinciding with narrowed pupils. The other involved recalling older memories, marked by widened pupils. The team also discovered that during the narrowed pupil stages, the mice's ability to remember new information was limited considerably.

The research identified a transition stage between these two substages, which serves as an intermediate (中间的) period that separates new learning from old knowledge. The results suggest that the brain can multitask distinct cognitive processes during sleep to facilitate continuous learning without interference. It's like new learning, old knowledge, new learning, old knowledge, shifting slowly throughout sleep.

The implications of the study are far-reaching: such a non-invasive means of monitoring brain function may help treat memory issues and boost memory, for example. The study also supports the hypothesis (假说) that human brains and computer systems may significantly forget old information. Catastrophic forgetting, known in AI, is an area where machines still fall behind biology. What's more, the findings provide a potential solution for preventing catastrophic interference while enabling memory integration in both biological and artificial neural networks.

Despite the many similarities between human and mouse brains, similar studies need to be conducted in humans to verify these results.

The significant study, published in Neurology, analyzed health and occupational data on 7,000 Norwegians who were followed from their 30s until they retired in their 60s. "Many other studies on this topic have only looked at the most recent jobs that people have," said lead author Dr. Trine Edwin, a researcher at University of Oslo, "but due to the national database we have in Norway, we were able to follow people over much of their lifetimes."

To do the analysis, Edwin categorized the cognitive demands of 305 occupations in Norway. More cognitively demanding jobs were not based on routine tasks, even though repetition was required at times. "There were lawyers, doctors, accountants, and people in public service in this group, but the most common occupation was teaching," Edwin said, "as effective communication outside of the classroom and school matters. It always depends on teachers' understandings of students' different situations and teachers' empathy."

Having a routine job with little mental stimulation during your 30s, 40s, 50s and 60s is linked to a 66% higher risk of mild cognitive impairment and a 37% greater risk of dementia after the age of 70, when compared with having an occupation — that requires more complex thinking. "The occupational environment is vital in promoting cognitive well-being." said Edwin. "Similarly, just like we can use physical exercise to grow and maintain our muscles, exercising our brain through more challenging work assignments seems to help fight dementia."

"While I'd guess that people at risk for dementia would be well served by taking advantage of professional advancement opportunities, learning new job tasks, and refining their skills at work over a period of time, further studies will need to clarify which specific activities have the most brain healthy benefits," Edwin added.

So, what exactly makes some people more attractive to mosquitoes than others? Science reveals that a variety of factors might make you more preferable to mosquitoes, from your skin microorganisms and carbon dioxide emitted in your breath to the color of clothing you're wearing, with colors like red, orange, and black being the most attractive to mosquitoes. But in the end, much of the variation in mosquito preference comes down to two factors: our natural and distinctive body smell and genetics. Only the females bite humans and they do it to get a "blood meal", absorbing proteins from our blood to produce their eggs. They use their palps (触须) to detect carbon dioxide and the distinctive smell. That means people whose body systems work at a faster pace and emit more carbon dioxide including those who are pregnant, exercising, or drinking alcohol tend to be more attractive to mosquitoes.

The question of whether mosquitoes prefer a certain blood type is controversial. One hypothesis suggests that blood type may also help determine mosquito preference. If that's the case, what blood type do mosquitoes like? The hypothesis said that the major mosquito vector of dengue virus (登革病毒) preferred people with type O blood to those with other blood types.

However, separate research notes that experimental and laboratory data evaluating whether blood type makes one person more or less attractive to mosquitoes has fueled a lot of assumptions. But the result is contradictory. Instead the researchers report that the likelihood of being a "mosquito magnet" has more to do with skin odors and microorganisms than blood type.

Emma sat in the back of her math class, staring confusedly at the numbers on the board. No matter how hard she tried, algebra (代数) never made sense. Every failed test, every red mark on her paper, nearly ruined her confidence. She started avoiding eye contact with her classmates, fearing they would see through her — see how incapable she felt.

At home, her parents encouraged her, but their words sounded empty. "You're good at so many things, sweetheart," her mom would say. But Emma didn't believe it. What was the point of writing a good article when she couldn't even solve a simple equation (方程)?

One afternoon, as she was walking past the school's board, a poster caught her eye: "Join the Literary Club - Where Words Come Alive!" Without thinking twice, she took a picture of the details. The next day, she stepped into the club room nervously, expecting to feel out of place. Instead, she was welcomed by the club leader Lily, a friendly girl with curly hair. She accepted Emma's application to join the club, and patiently introduced the club activities to her.

Week by week, Emma found herself addicted to words. She expressed her emotions in writing poems and stories that reflected her fears and hopes, and — most importantly — shared them with others. Her pieces were met with admiration, and for the first time in a long while, she felt valued for something she could do.

As her confidence grew, something unexpected happened — her fear of math began to fade. One evening, Lily, who was excellent at math, noticed Emma struggling over her homework. "Want some help?" she offered.

注意：

1.续写词数应为100左右；

2.请按如下格式在答题纸的相应位置作答。

Instead of rejecting it, Emma nodded her head.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

1.音乐课及课外音乐活动介绍；

2.同学对音乐课程的评价。

注意：

1.写作词数应为80个左右；

2.请按如下格式在答题纸的相应位置作答。

Dear George,

I'm excited to share with you the music program at my school.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Yours,

Li Hua

Foreign businessmen are turning their dreams into businesses in China. Steven Senshan, Canadian global expansion (扩张) expert, joins this wave. Over a year ago, he (establish) Midori Creative in Shenzhen, specializing in (create) localized content for international audiences.

So far, the company (work) with around 15 Chinese brands (品牌), including the smartphone company Xiaomi, the robot vacuum cleaner maker Roborock, the health care brand Soocas. Focusing on North American, European and Southeast Asian markets, Midori Creative works to promote Chinese brands (global).

"A lot of new Chinese brands are going up against international brands have over 100 years of brand value, so it's our job to make sure these brands get the attention (show) their strengths and competitive advantage," said Senshan.

In his opinion, China has been successful in iterating (迭代) its products, (make) brands like Huawei and DJI highly competitive. However, the cultures and consumption habits are very different abroad, so adapting these products to diverse markets requires more effort. Senshan feels that his international background — half-Japanese, half-Canadian, born in Canada and raised in the US — (give) him an advantage.

It all started three years ago, when Daybell decided to2 the cash box she used for her flower3 into a mailbox. She4 the box with festive decorations and advertised its unique postal route (direct to the North Pole) with a5 out front. The decorated box brings smiles to faces, creating a sense of6.

Daybell receives dozens of what she calls "the most7 letters", each filled with dreams and desires. In many of them, the kids don't even ask for toys,8 asking Santa to make it a good holiday for9.

She10 to every child, taking care to keep the letters at night when her youngest neighbors couldn't possibly see. Her standard reply: "Santa has great things planned to make you11 on Christmas morning."

But the smiles often come12 than that. Last year, a woman sent Daybell a picture of her grandson13 his letter into the box, and then another of him with his return letter. The14, electric expression on his face "made it all worth it to me," Daybell says. Her heart filled with pride, knowing her small act of15 had brought great happiness.

We've all been there: you come across a comment on Facebook, or a headline pops up on X that leaves you feeling angry. So, what can we do to reduce our digital anger? Here are some tips.

Organize Your Digital Experience.

Consider blocking people instead of taking part in arguments. Create a digital "safe space" for relaxation. You might want to use different platforms for specific purposes—like using Facebook for friends and Twitter for news–so you know what to expect and can react accordingly.

Step Away from the Screen.

If discussions become heated, take a physical break from your screen. Stepping away can also improve your mood and reduce stress. When you return, you'll think more clearly and engage with a calmer mindset.

Don't rush to respond to views that are different from yours. Take a moment to calm down, which may lead to clearer, more peaceful responses. It's important to remember that not every comment needs a response. When faced with rude content, consider reporting it rather than responding directly.

Find Healthy Outlets for Anger.

There's nothing wrong with feeling angry, but still you need to deal with it properly. A good way is to express your anger through diary writing.. It can help you clarify your disappointment and then guide you toward positive actions.

Consider Talking with Someone.

If your emotions are negatively impacting you, looking for help from an expert can be beneficial. It can also help you explore your feelings and increase self-awareness, supporting better mental health.

A. Think before posting.

B. Focus on what matters.

C. Writing helps process emotions.

D. It is common to feel angry sometimes.

E. A break can prevent regrettable comments.

F. Talking to a professional can offer new ideas.

G. This helps avoid trouble and keeps the online environment positive.

In the beginning, touch screens were a practical way to put satellite, GPS-guided directions, and other useful entertainment functions together into cars while the main controls (控制装置) for driving were left largely unchanged. But designers couldn't just leave them alone. Now, touch screens, which require a hand and concentration to use, have taken over many functions, even basic driving tasks like turning on headlights and checking the car's speed, stealing drivers' attention.

Distracted (分心的) driving has become a big problem. According to National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, accidents caused by distracted driving in 2022 led to 3,308 traffic deaths. Thousands more drivers have their cars damaged or destroyed by those who just can't keep their eyes off their screens. Besides, the overdependence on touch screens presents a usability issue, too. If any part of a driver's hand accidentally touches the screen, it's likely to activate some feature, and not necessarily the wanted one.

Quickly disappearing are the days when physical buttons enable drivers to turn down the radio or turn on the headlights simply by feel, without taking their eyes off the road. Instead, they must divide their attention between the road and the screen, which is dangerous.

I'm not opposed to technological upgrades in general. But when I have to focus on what's inside the car instead of on what's happening in front of it, it's gone too far. So give me back my physical buttons that I can control only by feel, and let me keep my eyes on the road where they belong.

The attraction of the polar regions is obvious: the strength of the blue sky on a freezing, sunny day; the excitement of walking on fresh snow; and the unique wildlife that calls these places home. However, as tourism to the poles increases, organisations like the Arctic Council and Visit Greenland stress the need to balance economic benefits with environmental responsibility.

James Grecian, an oceanic ecologist, has spent years studying polar wildlife. Last year, he was in Antarctica studying snow petrels (雪鹱) — or more specifically, their vomit (呕吐物). Snow petrels have stomach oil that turns into solid pieces. When scientists study these pieces, they can learn how the petrels' diet has changed over the years and what that means for the local ecosystem. Grecian explains that by taking samples from the environment or animals, we can learn a lot about past conditions. For example, scientists can collect baleen plates (鲸须板) from dead whales to see what the whales ate and where they lived.

Grecian knows how special these places are and how much they are affected. He believes we should act to help protect these important but threatened areas. Polar tourism is growing, but he hopes that with more awareness of its problems, visitors can make better choices.