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That's the conclusion of researchers who studied nearly 450 grassy structures built over two years by white-browed sparrow weavers living in the Kalahari Desert in South Africa. These small, brown-and-white birds live in groups, and it turns out that groups of birds that lived quite near to each other built distinctive architectural forms.

The biggest difference was in "how short or long the structures are," says study lead author Maria C. Tello-Ramos, a cognitive ecologist at the University of Hull in England. Furthermore, each group maintained the same architectural style over time— and when outsiders joined, they adapted to this style.

To examine what might account for the observed differences, the team carefully analyzed factors that can determine a nest's size and shape for a given bird species: weather conditions, tree height, individuals' body size and genetic (基因的) relatedness. Yet none of these factors seemed to play a relevant role in shaping how the Kalahari sparrows built their nests, the researchers report in Science.

"Then we say, ‘Okay, so what is left?' " Tello-Ramos explains. She and her colleagues proposed that cultural transmission (传输) might be key to nest building. "In our paper, we haven't gotten there yet with experiments, but we have very good clues that that might be it, " she says.

"These are important questions that are understudied, " says Christina Riehl, an evolutionary biologist. She's not convinced the study's data are enough to fully rule out genetic influence. "They can't actually look at the effect of, say, genetic differences, because they don't have really good genetic information on all the individuals in these groups," she says. "I think there's a lot left to be done, and I think this paper will inspire future research in a really good way. "

This was not a result of him trying to pack as light as possible, nor was it because he was broke. He wasn't. I tried to convince him to at least put soy sauce (酱油) on it. But no, Jared wasn't having a bar of it. "I don't need it," he said flatly.

Now, if he was talking only about outdoors' meals, I'd almost get it. When you're ravenous after a day of burning off calories walking or climbing or backcountry skiing in the mountains, how awesome do things taste! I know what you're thinking; it's simply that, as the saying goes, hunger is the best sauce. And I agree. Absolutely.

But there's more to it than that. Last month, I went down the coast car camping with my family. One morning, my wife made a statement. "I don't see the point," she said. "It's so much work, camping. But the views at home are better. The beds are more comfortable. It's more peaceful. And at home, the food is better." I'll admit she's right about the first three. But the food? We had a simple pasta one night, snags another, chicken curry the third, but they all tasted good. Better than at home. And it wasn't simply that we were hungry; it was because we were camping.

The real point I want to get to is that meals largely taste so good when I'm camping because I'm reminded of some things easily forgotten at home, where I can simply go to the cupboard, or the supermarket, and get whatever takes my fancy. Life, when you're camping, is reduced to its essentials, and I am reminded of how lucky most of us are to be dry and warm and fed. More importantly, I am reminded that sadly, and in fact unforgivably, not all of us are. And I am reminded that we, as a society, should do better for them.

Engaging people in fire safety and prevention from an early age is crucial, so the State Fire Marshal's Office is inviting primary school students across Ohio to participate in its Fire Safety Poster Contest. The contest is held annually to engage young minds, emphasizing various issues related to fire safety education.

Contest rules

·Posters must include a fire prevention theme.

·Posters must display positive behavior statements of what students can do to prevent a fire at home.

·Posters must only be on 8. 5 × 11-inch paper.

·Any colors may be used; however, a white or light-colored background is preferred.

·Crayons, markers, pencils and similar tools can be used.

·All artwork must be original. Computer-generated images and clippings from magazines and newspapers will not be accepted.

·The poster surface should remain flat.

Contest procedures

Elementary schools across the state must turn over the posters to their local fire departments prior to the September 30 deadline, so those entries can be displayed during Fire Prevention Week (October 6-12) . Then each of the local departments must select two winning posters — one from each grade category (grades 1-3 and 4-6) and submit them to the State Fire Marshal's Office by November 15. A committee will review all the submitted posters and select six winners in each grade category. Winning entries will be announced next spring.

Additional information on the contest is available at com. ohio. gov/SFMPosterContest.

Christmas was coming. This year, my dad suggested that our family pack up and drive 500 miles north to celebrate the New Year's holiday at our 600-square-foot lake cabin (小木屋) in northern Michigan.

At first, I was hesitant. The cabin was awesome in the summer. It was our favorite spot for boating, fishing, swimming, water skiing, and tubing. Hanging out there in the dead of winter sounded boring and bleak (阴冷的).

I wrinkled my nose in disgust and asked, "What will we do?"

"There's tons of stuff to do," Dad replied. "We can spend the week skiing, snowshoeing, ice skating, and sledding! We can play games, sleep in, and explore northern Michigan in a different season. We can build a giant bonfire down by the lake and have a barbecue, then come inside and drink hot cocoa."

Okay, I was in. My brother, Dan, was also interested.

A few days after Christmas, Mom, Dad, Dan, and I piled into our car and hit the road. Five hours into our trip, my eyes fluttered shut. In my mind's eye, I imagined the scene that would welcome us when we arrived at the cabin. The bare tree limbs would be covered in snow and ice crystals. I suspected the lake might look larger in the absence of docks and boats. The one thing that I hoped would be like summer was that the sky would be a bright blue.

Several hours later, just as the sun was setting, we turned onto the cabin's gravel (碎石) lane and were greeted by the familiar sound of crackling rocks beneath the tires, though slightly softened from the snow on the ground. Before long, the cabin came into view, with long icicles (冰锥) hanging from its eaves (屋檐) and window frames. Anyway, it felt good to be grounded and at our happy place. As the car stopped, we all jumped out and ran to the cabin doorway.

注意：

1. 续写词数应为150左右；

2. 请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。

Paragraph 1: Eagerly, Dad put the key in the cabin's door lock, but it wouldn't turn.

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Paragraph 2: Although our first day of winter vacation was more adventurous than expected, we made plenty of wonderful memories that week.

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注意：

1. 写作词数应为80左右；

2. 请按如下格式在答题纸的相应位置作答。

Dear students,

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Students' Union

The concept of a shorter workweek has gained popularity due to its potential benefits, such as reduced stress and improved work-life balance. However, Emelia Quist, (represent) the Federation of Small Businesses, recently raised concerns about the (suitable) of adopting a four-day working week across various industries.

"Industries like social care present a significant challenge it comes to carrying out a reduced workweek. These sectors (行业) demand continuous staffing (safeguard) the well-being and safety of those under their care. Striking balance between allowing for shorter work hours and maintaining the necessary level of care(be) essential." Quist's remarks highlight the need for careful consideration and adaptation to meet the unique requirements of different sectors.

To make a four-day working week viable (可行的) in such industries, (innovation) solutions must be explored. One possibility is to introduce flexible scheduling, employees work varied shifts over four days. Additionally, taking advantage of technological advancements could ease the pressure staff, making it easier to switch to shorter workweeks while still maintaining care quality.

In a word, it is important to recognize that a four-day working week cannot (apply) universally without considering the unique challenges of each sector. We can better manage the challenges of this change by customizing solutions for each industry.

As night fell, we faced a8 situation: how to feed and care for hundreds of children. Staff members worked tirelessly in the canteen while volunteers braved the storm to9 food and supplies. Some teachers10 activities to keep the children calm, turning the gymnasium into a makeshift play area. The11 felt almost like a large pajama (睡衣) party, where laughter12 fear. Outside, the wind howled and snow piled up against the windows, but inside, a strong sense of13 arose.

What14 began as a typical day became an unforgettable experience that taught us the importance of solidarity (团结) in the face of15. In the end, we emerged not just as a school, but as a united family, forever changed by that snowy night.

No doubt you've heard some stories about your grandparents' childhood experiences over and over again and they probably get boring at times. They could be stories passed on by your relatives or memories of fun family outings. Listen to the fact that adults share their experiences with you.

They'll also be able to tell you about surviving friendship issues and how these relationships will change throughout your life. Some will last, others will go-that's long been the way. Choose an adult to discuss any friendship issues you're having and ask them how they coped when they were younger.

When you spend time with any adult, don't forget that despite how happy and calm they might seem, they'll have endured a lot of stressful situations in their life. They'll also have learned ways to deal with times of anxiety. They'll be able to talk about how to cope and reassure you that even the toughest times pass.

You'll find some knew what they wanted to do from an early age and are still doing it happily. Others will have undertaken several jobs, made some mistakes and may still be searching for what they want to do. All will have tips or be able to offer insight into their chosen paths, college choices and decisions made. Consider their guidance and make the right choices for you.

​​​​​​​A. So, listen to their advice for surviving.

B. Whenever we make wrong choices, it can feel awful.

C. But one day you'll be in their place sharing your own tales.

D. Every generation experiences similar emotions and problems.

E. Give the adults a chance to help you and enjoy their company.

F. Adults will tell you about the adventures with their childhood friends.

G. The older influences in your life will be able to offer a range of careers advice.

Adjustment disorders can impact both children and adults, and they are often treated with therapy (治疗), medication, or a combination of both. Psychotherapy is the preferred treatment, with methods varying based on the specific stressor. For instance, a stressor may be a single significant event like ending a relationship or multiple issues like losing your job and having marital problems.

There are six types of adjustment disorders. Some exhibit as signs of depression—low mood, tearfulness, and hopelessness — while others present anxiety symptoms such as nervousness and worry. Conduct disturbances, including reckless (鲁莽的) behavior, alcohol or drug abuse, are also common.

Research on treatment effectiveness for adjustment disorders has been limited. A recent review of psychological studies from 1980 to 2016 found the quality of evidence for positive effects to be low. For some people, adjustment disorder mayremit on its own (e. g., you find a job you love). However, to others, it can act as a sign to more severe conditions like major depression or anxiety disorders if untreated.

Therapy for adjustment disorders is typically brief and solution-focused, aiming to help individuals understand the stressor's impact, reduce symptoms, and develop effective coping strategies. For those struggling with depression, therapy may employ cognitive-behavioral techniques or interpersonal therapy to improve relationships.

Children and teens also experience adjustment disorders, but therapy for younger individuals often focuses on behavioral symptoms, impulse (冲动) control, and communication skills. Family therapy can help resolve conflicts and improve support systems. And peer group therapy offers adolescents a safe space to develop social skills and express their emotions, reminding them that they are not alone in their struggles. Through these approaches, teens can learn to address life's challenges more effectively.

There's just one problem: There's little additional money for any of it. Tired of waiting for politicians to step up with funding, some teachers are investing personal time and talent to create their own climate lessons and raising funds for green initiatives on their campuses. Within LAUSD, these dedicated educators are chosen as "climate champions." Principals of each school pick one teacher to receive $900 a semester to help other educators on their campus create climate-focused lessons.

The "champions" get together regularly to share ideas and work with their principals to encourage other teachers to join the effort. But some of them say it's an overwhelming responsibility, adds to an already heavy workload and can lead to burnout. "Implementation (实施) of the climate literacy policy has been inconsistent," said Lucy Garcia, a former LAUSD teacher. "Nothing happened the first year. The second year they only trained 145 champions. We need more to happen faster in classrooms. Currently there are a total of 314 champions."

"There is universal support for climate literacy, but we do not have the funding to reach the scale we all want to achieve," said Frances Baez, LAUSD's chief academic officer. She encourages teachers to seek support from nonprofit education funders, such as Esports for Good, which offers educational video games related to sustainability. Andra Yeghoian, chief officer of a nonprofit association, echoed this perspective, stating that "everyone in the state doing this work is singing the same song as one choir."

"Climate literacy is not taught in isolation but should be integrated into all learning," Baez added. "We are definitely not where we want to be, but we' re getting there."