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But scientists in India combed through vocal (声音的) recordings of birds in the rainforest. They say they didn't find evidence to back up this idea.

The researchers didn't definitively point to one reason for why the dawn chorus is happening, but they found support for ideas that the early morning sounds relate to birds marking their territory after being inactive at night, and communicating about finding food.

The team analyzed recordings from audio recorders placed at 43 locations in the Western Ghats mountain range in southern India, which is known as a biodiversity hotspot. They examined sounds of what they determined were 69 different species of birds. They studied recordings from the hours around dawn and the hours around dusk to compare activity.

Unsurprisingly to anyone who has been woken up by bird calls, the "vast majority" of species they studied had "significantly higher" vocal activity at dawn compared to dusk. They found that birds that were more territorial, and those with an omnivorous (杂食的) diet, were more vocal at dawn rather than dusk.

And when it comes to food, birds are engaging in a lot of communication about where resources are, or often whether there is a predator (天敌) nearby. They speculate that a reason that omnivorous birds have a "marginally higher" level of vocal activity at dawn is because they often participate in flock "hunting parties" that more often happen at dawn. But as to why those hunting parties happen at dawn to begin with, they aren't sure.

The researchers note they only studied birds in one particular tropical region in India. They didn't observe the birds visually, and didn't record exactly when dawn and dusk started. They just used estimated times.

"Even I didn't expect what some of these numbers and future predictions look like," says Sarah Baird, a co-chair of the Lancet Commission that produced the report. "It's clear we're already in, and going to be increasingly in, a crisis of bad health among young people."

Lancet Commissions are independent research teams called together by The Lancet to examine specific health topics and recommend policy actions. This report was produced by 44 experts, including ten Youth Commissioners, who reviewed some 550 peer-reviewed studies before putting pen to paper.

"What life is like as a teenager today is very different than ten years ago," says Baird. "Given all these other competing demands for resources, attention, and focus, adolescents have once again fallen into the background. It's time to really remind people of why they're important, and that ignoring them in this time of rapid change is potentially disastrous."

Though there is some good news in the report's findings-declining rates of cigarette smoking and alcohol use and better access to education, particularly for girls-the report warns that the health of young people is at "a tipping point" in an uncertain and rapidly changing world. And a hotter, more unstable climate is among the top concerns.

"I think it's hard for people to fully recognize what a hotter world means for health and well-being," says Baird. "Young people are going to be around a lot longer than the older generation, and they have the most to lose from not investing in the future. Unfortunately, they're not often the ones who are in the seat of power to make these decisions."

Yet for some, that dream never faded. At just 21, Snehadeep Kumar from Bengal, is turning his childhood fascination into reality. Along with Mohit Kumar Nayak, a Computer Science student, they are working to democratise (大众化) space research, starting with building India's first gamma-ray detection CubeSat through their student-led space startup, "Nebula Space Organisation".

Their story is not just about chasing dreams but about making them accessible to others, too.

Snehadeep's journey began in Grade 1, when his father handed him an encyclopedia (百科全书) and switched the television to the Discovery Channel. Space, in all its vastness and mystery, interested him immediately.

By Grade 9, Snehadeep had built a model to demonstrate groundwater replenishment (补给) using seeds for a science exhibition. A teacher's unintentional comment — that he should publish his work-planted another seed: what if there was a scientific journal that welcomed work from high-schoolers, students often sidelined by academic publishing?

Three years later, that idea took form as Aurora Academy Journal. Fueled by connections made through Discord, Snehadeep gathered a global team of like-minded teenagers who created a platform for young researchers to publish their research worldwide.

In October 2021, Nebula Space Organisation was officially born. By the time Snehadeep entered college in 2022, they had a physical presence. There, he met Mohit Kumar Nayak, who shared his dream. They decided to build something monumental together and eventually made a gamma-ray detection CubeSat, a mini satellite using local material, reducing the expense by 125%.

While many see space as the final frontier reserved for billion-dollar companies and excellent scientists, Snehadeep and Mohit believe otherwise. They are proof that innovation doesn't need well-equipped labs or massive budgets. As they prepare to test the India's first gamma-ray CubeSat, built by students, they're not just reaching for the stars-they're building a bridge so that countless others can, too.

Stadtbibliothek

You know those stairs that look straightforward but, upon closer inspection, seem to go up as well as down? These stairs may well have been the inspiration for the public lending library in the southern city of Stuttgart in Germany. The white building is Instagrammable from all sides with its minimalist design, but add books and an interesting set of stairs, and you have one of the most stylish libraries in the world.

Bodleian Library

Not only the main research library for Oxford University and one of the oldest libraries in the world, the Bodleian Library in Oxford, England has other claims to fame as well. The library hold 13 million printed items, including examples of the Gutenberg Bible, dating back some 560 years. Due to their uniqueness and value, many of the books are protected by electricity but can be seen during an official guided tour.

Philological Library

This library, which deals with the study of language and words, is a beautiful building of Germany, and part of the Free University of Berlin campus. Not only is the building filled with books about words, but it is also intelligent: the airflow is generated by the roof and ceiling structures, and the temperature is naturally regulated.

Gladstone Library

Hawarden is a small town in northern Wales, but it has one claim to fame: the Gladstone Library. Located in a huge Victorian house in a perfect countryside setting, it is the only residential library offering rooms to stay overnight in. Twenty-six historic rooms, a restaurant, and countless books-20,000 of which are from Gladstone's personal library, which was housed in nearby Hawarden Castle, where he lived.

1.节目形式及设计理由；

2.约定商量时间。

注意：

1.写作词数应为80个左右；

2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。

Dear Luke,

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Yours sincerely,

Li Hua

When I arrived in China to teach law, I didn't expect (come) home with so much tea. Nor did I expect what the tea would come to mean.

The meaning became (vivid) clear to me in Chengdu. There, my students and I sat for tea in Daci Temple. They made it carefully, (perform) each step from memory. When I asked why they washed the cups and poured away the (one) cup of tea, they hesitated. It's what their parents and grandparents do and they learned it them, they said. The tradition was about continuity — repeating a gesture countless hands had done before. A quiet ceremony of connection.

In moments like this, I saw something I rarely encounter in the US — a drink that commands respect for its meaning. In the West, tea (see) as a functional drink — something to energize or calm. But in China, tea goes beyond this. It is relational. It is ceremonial. Even when shared casually between friends, it (carry) an unspoken respect.

As China becomes more (center) to global cultural conversations, its tea traditions deserve greater global attention. Not just as a drink, but as an expression of history, hospitality (好客), and human connection. When a student gives you tea from their home province, what they're really giving you is look at who they are, where they're from, and how they stay connected to it.

His garden was his pride. Small yet perfectly kept and2, he worked there daily, even building a3 to keep animals out. Each spring, he started seeds in cups. He watered them4 daily and tied plants to sticks. I admired his work and5 doing the same, but was too afraid.

After he passed away, my sister gave me his seedlings (幼苗) and a note6 how to save seed. I enjoyed the tomatoes but felt7 as the season ended. Could I continue his hobby?

8 the instructions, I saved seeds from the best tomatoes. All winter, I9 myself. However, a voice keeps popping up in my mind, saying "yes, you can." In April, I10 the seeds. Knowing the cost of the grow light for my plants, a friend joked that my tomatoes would be the most11 plants — a joke that turned into12 when he saw the seedlings thriving soon after, clearly13 by my success.

This year, I'll give seedlings to my sister. We'll plant them in my late brother-in-law's old garden. Weedy now, but I believe they'll grow well and14 his legacy. Continuing his hobby, I feel closer to him. I did it, making me15.

Inspired by colleagues in other medical fields, Mirza Melo, an eye doctor for animals in Brazil, decided to try using tilapia skin to treat eye problems in dogs. She focused on eye problems like corneal ulcers and perforations, which are common in dogs with short noses. "These dogs have eyes sticking out from their faces," she says. "So they get injured often."

Normally, doctors treat these eye injuries by placing a piece of horse placenta (胎盘) over the damaged area to help it recover. But in 2019, Melo tried using tilapia skin instead. She successfully treated a Shih Tzu (a species of dog) with a severe eye injury.

Brazil's Burn Support Institute and the Federal University of Ceará, which started the Tilapia Skin Project to treat burns, supported her work. With their help, Melo developed a special membrane (膜) called the acellular dermal matrix (ADM), made from pure collagen taken from tilapia skin.

Collagen is known to help cells grow and repair tissues. Tilapia skin has a high and consistent quality of collagen throughout the fish's life, while the quality of horse placental collagen can vary depending on the horse's age and weight.

So far, Melo has treated over 400 dogs using tilapia skin. The dogs showed no pain or infection after surgery and healed quickly with minimal scarring. Melo is now planning to use this technique on cats and is even discussing how to adapt it for treating human eyes, which are very sensitive and difficult to treat.

Ten-year-old Josh came from a poor family. His mother was a part-time cleaner and his father fixed small appliances for his neighbors. Though the family's clothes were faded and patched (打补丁的), and the rent was a constant worry at the end of the month, Josh's parents always taught him that honesty cost nothing but was worth everything.

One afternoon, Josh walked his bike to old Mr. Black's repair shop. The chain was broken again, and Mr. Black, who was familiar with their struggles — charged only two dollars for the repair. Before Josh left, Mr. Black warned that the frame was nearly worn out. Josh thanked him and promised to ride carefully.

On the way home, Josh discovered something at the bus stop — a thick envelope half-buried in snow. He picked it up and took a look inside. His eyes widened. It was full of cash, more money than he'd ever seen: Hundreds of dollars, maybe thousands.

His first thought was about his mother's worn-out shoes and the rent that was due. He could slip the envelope into his jacket, and no one would know. But then he remembered his father's words: "We might be poor, Josh, but we must be honest." His heart raced as he weighed the wrong that was easy against the right that was hard. Then he sat down on the frozen bench, holding the envelope tightly, and waited.

An hour passed, then two. Josh's toes grew numb (麻木的) as the setting sun painted the sky orange and pink. Occasionally, strangers walked by, eyeing him curiously, but he just held the envelope tighter. A woman asked if he was okay, but he simply shook his head and stayed put. His nose was red from cold, and he shivered uncontrollably, but he didn't move. Finally, just as Josh began to worry about his parents' concern, a black car stopped. Then a man named Eason in a suit jumped out, urgently scanning (察看) the ground.

注意：

(1)续写词数应为150个左右；

(2)请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。

Josh stood and asked if the man was searching for something.

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The next morning, Eason visited Josh's house with a brand-new bicycle.

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1. 活动过程；

2. 收获与感想。

注意：

1. 写作词数应为80左右：

2. 请按如下格式在答题纸的相应位置作答。

Getting to Know the Intangible Cultural Heritage Around Us

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While visiting tourist spots, more and more young people in China have (choose) to wear traditional Chinese clothing.

Passengers wearing traditional Chinese clothing could take the subway for free for about one week in Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province during this year's Spring Festival holiday. As result, the horse-faced skirt, or mamianqun in Chinese, was popular with women in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, became a hit among young people during the holiday.

People used to think that it was strange (wear) traditional Chinese clothing while walking down a street, they are getting used to it now. Wearing traditional clothing (help) people have a deeper understanding of the cultural meaning behind the clothing. Young people like to wear traditional clothing when traveling because they have realized that their cultural identity is linked to hanfu and it has come into fashion.

Since ancient times, China (be) a nation paying much attention to etiquette (礼仪) and a country known for its clothing. Clothing is one of the signs of Chinese etiquette.

The (popular) of traditional Chinese costumes will keep growing. (hopeful), more enthusiasts will devote themselves to the protection, inheritance and innovative development of traditional Chinese clothing through learning, research and practice. It will certainly make a difference our national identity.

In 2019, Wang had a(n)1 experience due to the wrong address left by a customer. Wang searched three buildings and2 eighteen floors. The customer said3 words to Wang for arriving late.

Wang was sad. As a husband and father, who shoulders the4 responsibility in his family, he had to5 the hurt and apologize. "If I argued with him, he would give me6 feedback and the company would fine me," recalls Wang.

On his way home that day, Wang wrote a poem, Man in a Hurry, expressing his7. Since then, Wang has been8 poems inspired by his daily life.

Wang's poems, simple yet9, are seen as a tool to10 his emotions, especially those he has during his work. His11 is cured by writing the poems. In 2022, one of his friends posted Man in a Hurry online. It quickly went popular and was12 for over 20 million times.

The same year, Wang published a13 of more than 180 poems, under the same title. His poems and stories deeply touched many people, who share similar14 and negative emotions in their lives -so much so that the book's first 5,000 copies15 soon. So far, Wang has written about 4,000 poems.

Reduce. Manufacturing consumer products uses energy and natural resources, and creates waste and pollution. When we consume less, we need fewer natural resources and produce less waste.

Reuse. If you have unwanted books, toys, clothes or other items in good condition, consider giving them to charity instead of throwing them in the trash.

Recycle. Avoid products with much packaging or packaging that cannot easily be recycled. Find out what is recyclable in your area and recycle everyday items such as aluminum cans, glass and plastic containers, and cardboard and paper products.

Save energy. Drive less, use energy-efficient vehicles and appliances, and simply turn off the lights when you leave a room. Many power plants rely on coal and other fossil fuels that damage wildlife habitat when they are taken, and pollute the environment and lead to climate change when burned.

You should keep a safe distance away, do not approach them, and not remove them from their environment. If you encounter an injured wild animal, contact an animal rescuer in your area.

A. Respect wild animals.

B. Cut down your energy use.

C. Plant more trees if possible.

D. Do not throw it away if it still has a use!

E. Here is what you can do to protect the environment.

F. You can also consider joining a community solar program or adding solar technology to your home or business.

G. Reduce your use of single-use plastics, which are difficult to recycle and exist in the environment for decades.

The LPI can be a little perplexing. It doesn't show the change in the total number of animals on the planet. Instead, it shows the average change in the size of animal populations since 1970. For example, if one species dropped from 1,000 animals to 500, that's a 50% drop. If another species dropped from 100,000 to 50,000, that's also a 50% drop. The number of animals lost in the second population is much higher, but they would both count as a 50% drop for the LPI. But even if the numbers aren't perfect, scientists agree that animal populations are dropping. And that's a serious problem.

The report shows that populations have dropped in all kinds of habitats (栖息地). Freshwater habitats, such as rivers and lakes, saw the biggest drop, averaging 85%, followed by land animals at 69%. In the oceans, the drop was56%. Geographically, Latin America experienced the greatest loss at 95%, while Africa's animal populations fell by 76%, and Asia and the Pacific by 60%. Europe and North America had smaller drops, but they still saw a 33% drop since then.

Human activities, including habitat destruction, farming, climate change, pollution, and over- hunting, are the primary cause. The WWF calls for urgent action to protect Earth's wildlife, recommending that 30% of the world's land, oceans, and freshwater be protected by 2030 and that humans change how they eat, farm, and produce energy.

As a member of the Youmei Youth Mountaineering Team, the world's first youth team to climb Qomolangma, Li began his mountaineering journey in January 2023. He said the sport has taught him valuable life lessons, the most important of which is "to have a heart of awe". After returning to base camp, Li kowtowed (叩头) three times to Qomolangma to express his gratitude for a safe climb and for all the lessons it had taught him.

Li Jinghui, the team leader and CEO of Youmei Camp, said the journey took 46 days. After arriving at base camp, the team carried out progressive high-altitude adaptive training, climbing from 5,200 meters to 7,028 meters at Camp1. "This strict training involved walking through real snow and ice environments, practicing crevasse (冰缝) crossing and other high-altitude skills," he said.

Lobsang Dondrub, an experienced mountaineering guide, told China Daily that spring weather on the mountain remains unstable and risky. He noted that teenagers are generally discouraged from attempting the summit because their developing bodies are less able to deal with the challenges of high-altitude climbing. However, he praised Li Haorong's performance in particular. "He braved various challenges, such as the crevasses of the Rongbuk Glacier, the steep ice walls of the North Col and the oxygen-deprived (缺氧的) ‘death zone' above 8,000 meters," he said.

On my first day, I had trouble with a few orders and almost dropped a tray of cups. Then, a bad thing happened: I spilled (洒出) a hot cup of coffee on a customer's white shirt. I felt so embarrassed that my face turned red. I said "sorry" over and over, afraid he would be angry. But he just smiled and said, "Don't worry. It happens to everyone. Once I spilled coffee on my own boss!" His kindness made me feel better, and I decided to work harder.

During that summer, I tried my best to learn. I remembered the menu well, practiced making coffee until I did it right, and learned to write down customers' requests to avoid mistakes. Talking to customers also became easier. I made friends with my coworkers too. The manager Mia taught me to stay calm when the café was busy, and my classmate Jake told me how to balance work and summer homework.

There was an old regular customer named Mr. Harris. He came every morning for black coffee and lemon cake. We often talked during my breaks. He used to be a teacher, and when I told him I didn't know if I should choose art or science classes, he said, "Follow what you like. It's more important than being afraid of failing." His words helped me a lot.

By the end of the summer, I was not the nervous girl I used to be. I became more confident and responsible. This job taught me that mistakes are part of learning. It was more than just a job — it was a great lesson for my life.

Hello English — Best app for middle learners

If you already understand the basics but want to improve your English, this app is for you. Hello English starts with a language test, and then serves up English lessons based on your test results. Hello English supports learners with 23 native languages and lets you play games, watch videos and listen to audio books, too.

Free versions available for iOS, Android and Windows.

FluentU-Best media-based app

This app sources English-language videos from the real world — including news, music videos and commercials (商业广告) — to help you learn English. Interactive captions (字幕) allow you to tap any word and see more information about it.

Free trial (试用) and paid monthly subscriptions available for Android and iOS.

Rosetta Stone — Most multi-use app

This award-winning English language learning app teaches vocabulary and English grammar. Rosetta Stone includes lessons on pronunciation so you can improve your English accent. You can also download audio lessons to learn offline.

Free trial and paid versions available for Android, iOS and Windows.

Duolingo — Most fun app

This personalised English-learning app turns studying into a game. Earn virtual coins to unlock new levels and spend them on fun upgrades. An animated owl (动画猫头鹰) keeps you company and encourages you as you learn. When you have questions, get help from fellow students inside the app using the Duolingo message boards.

Free and paid versions available for Android, iOS and Windows.

The invention of the steam engine was a first step towards the Industrial Revolution that changed the world. Over the years, the engine's efficiency was further improved through different designs and fuels; however, the medium for doing work remained the same-steam.

Scientists seeking further improvements in power efficiency noticed that a significant portion of energy is wasted generating steam to drive turbines (涡轮机). Water needs to be boiled first and needs to undergo a phase change to generate steam. Scientists have been looking for a better medium to replace steam.

They found this in sCO₂. CO₂ exists as a gas at room temperature and can be cooled to form dry ice by reducing pressure and lowering temperature. When temperature is raised to 31℃, and pressure is increased to 7.37 MPa, CO₂ enters its supercritical state, where it exhibits properties of both a liquid and a gas. In applications such as moving a turbine, this is extremely useful since the gas-like state offers less resistance while the liquid-like state provides greater push power.

The power generation process works like this: The CO₂ is first pressurized into a supercritical state. Then the sCO₂ passes through a heat exchanger, absorbing heat from an external heat source, and its temperature rises to 400-600℃ with a substantial increase in internal energy. After that, it enters a turbine and expands rapidly, driving it to move at a high speed and transforming thermal (热的) energy into mechanical energy, which is then further turned into electrical energy for output. The CO₂ remains in a supercritical state throughout the entire process, with no phase change loss.

The success of the Chaotan One will likely start a new era in power generation, using CO₂ as a medium and bypassing the need to transform water into steam.

内容包括：

(1)活动目的；

(2)参赛要求；

(3)号召参与。

注意：写作词数应为80个左右。

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The Organising Committee for the Olympic Games Paris 2024 has unveiled its new emblem. It was revealed following an innovative launch ceremony, which (see) over 700 runners ran different routes around the centre of Paris and Saint- Seine- Denis, forming the outline of the new Paris 2024 emblem.

PARIS 2O24

The new design is a (combine) of the gold medal, the Olympic flame and Marianne, which brings together the values, history and French touch that will make the Games truly special.

The emblem embraces the shape and colour of the most beautiful medal of all, which is also a reminder that the core values of sport is competing excellence. That same commitment also informs every step that Paris 2024 is taking in organising the Games, so that it can fulfil the promises it has made (stage) a different, grounded, (sustain) and inclusive Games.

The Olympic and Paralympic flames reflects the unique energy of the Games, (bring) people together. The Games will help improve the lives of the residents in is now in short of infrastructure(基础设施).

Finally, Marianne. With (it) feminine traits, the Paris 2024 emblem shows respect for a woman who is a French national symbol known around the world, familiar figure who is everywhere in the everyday lives of French people. Her face is also a nod to female athletes and history, as it was the 1900 Olympic Games in Paris women were first allowed to compete.