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Eating a calorie-rich diet brought us humans a great advantage: time. We spent less of the day obtaining food. We saved countless hours of needless chewing. Instead, we invested time in doing the things that make us human: we started to  tools, erect structures, share stories, create myths and play games. 

Calories made humanity possible. Calories are what  our big brains. Our calorie-rich diet didn't reinforce the compulsion to eat, it released us from a food-gripped existence. Just because we require calories does not mean our basic  compels us to over-consume them, for the same reason that requiring oxygen does not compel us to perpetually hyperventilate. Yes, it may be  to carry extra calories in time of famine, but this assumes an overly simplistic view of our evolutionary past. 

Out there in nature, carrying extra body weight brings serious, even deadly, disadvantages. To the evolving primate, greater body mess means slower acceleration and a(n)  in the ability to change speed and direction quickly. Back when we were prey - when our ancestors were  eaten by big cats, pythons and even eagles - our ability to nimbly start, stop and turn was crucial for survival. To a predator, a fat human was not only easier to spot and easier to catch, it made for a bigger, better meal. To the prey we hunted, a fat human was easier to evade and outrun. Carrying too much fat also increases the  of injury and death due to the forces and loads involved in maintaining a larger body. To put it in the simple arithmetic of evolutionary fitness, being  fat didn't increases an individual's chances of passing on their genes. It actually reduced them. 

As we became more  there were even more reasons to refrain from overindulgence. Food had to be shared with other members of the tribe, then the village, then the town, especially with children, whose dependence on adults for resources lasts an eternity compared with other species. Otherwise, the human species would have died off long ago, if we really were slaves to a never-ceasing  for calories. 

All of these have left us with the following paradox: Why were humans generally able to resist vastly over-consuming calories up until about fifty years ago?

Quoted from Mark Schatzker's The End of Craving

Back then, I was a very nervous new father. I didn't know  to feed my son, how hard to pat his back to burp him, or whether it was okay to let him sleep as long as be wants. I bought myself lots of books about parenting, only  (find) that there were so many new things to learn that I inevitably begun to feel overwhelmed. 

My friend May, a soon-to-be mother herself,  (sense) my anxiety and, to calm me down, texted me one night saying, "No book can be a substitute for your own sensitive contemplation and careful observation. Books can be  small additional value, but no more. Just listen to your son and he'll teach you how to be a father." 

That struck me a lot because I grew up in a time when most of the parents, including my own, believed that children  be seen and not heard. Naturally, I thought he was nothing and only grownups were worth something. The idea  children do not know anything but will do so, and are not capable of doing anything but will learn, made me live in a permanent state of expectation. For the sake of tomorrow, I failed to respect  might amuse, sadden, amaze, anger, and interest him today. For the sake of tomorrow, I stole years of his life. 

Things changed for me when I got down on my knees, waiting for my son to open up. Once I came down to his level, I found I didn't even  ask questions. I just listened. He granted me permission to gaze into his pockets to see all his cherished collections: bird's feathers, colored stones and oddly-shaped leaves. He also discussed with me about his grand plan to travel to the South Pole with the girl in his class  happened to want to marry him. We both knew our relationship was built on mutual respect and trust. 

Now, seven years later after my son's birth, I still marvel at May's simple wisdom. Being there listening to my son has not only rescued  from "those best parenting books one cannot afford to miss" but also from over-evaluating and over-obsessing about him. Simply put, my son has taught me to be a father. I have affection for what he is today and respect for what he can become in the future. All I need to do is to listen. 

You know what they say, marriage is like a box of chocolates and you never know what you are gonna get. My wife and I had a "ferocious" argument the other night  we were watching one episode of the latest season of a reality show called. See You Again. Basically, the show was about three couples  (embark) on an 18-day vacation to try to work out their marital issues in the hope of saving their marriages. For them, it was really a make-it-or-break-it vacation. 

 we both agreed on most men's incompetence in expressing their true feelings in any intimate relationship, my still beloved wife and I failed miserably to see eye to eye on reasons for that. She blamed it on men's upbringing while I thought it had more to do with the influence of outdated social norms and stereotypes on men. 

Our society  (discourage) emotional expression in men for ages, telling them they can't shed a tear or show any vulnerability. These outdated ideas about what it means to be a man have messed them up big time. To me, it is no wonder that in the marriage market, the most common type available  women is the silent but dominant type of men with the whole breadwinner and homemaker roles still  (stick) in their heads. So when things don't go that way, of course, they will feel lost. 

"Intimidated" by my rigorous logic, my wife purposefully shifted the focus of her argument to  we two should raise our son and what I could have done better if I had taken her advice seriously. 

However, things started to get much  (personal) when both of us seemed to run out of witty arguments. Realizing this disagreement would lead us nowhere, I wasted no time apologizing to her for my ill-considered words with dignity and offered to clean the plates piling up in the sink ( I cooked dinner that night!) Faced with an offer she couldn't refuse, my wife kindly reminded me  (not forget) to dry the towel when I was done. Apology accepted, hence case closed. 

At the end of the day, I exhibited my vulnerability as requested and she showed her mercy as expected. We just agreed to disagree and lived happily ever after. 

"What happened？" asked Mrs. Sharpnack. The red marks covering the test said everything. Without even seeing the grade，I knew I had failed. I felt upset as I realized what would come after this.

My failing score would mean my grades wouldn't be high enough to be on the Honor Roll that term. In just a few weeks，the names of the Honor Roll students would be read during class. Those on the list would be excused to go watch a movie and have treats. I wasn't as upset about missing the party as I was about to explain to my friends why I wouldn't get to go. My friends always got good grades，and usually，so did I.

"I know you can pass this test，" said Mrs. Sharpnack. "What if I let you take it again? I'll give you a week to study." But I just wanted to go home，forget about the test and never think about math again. Mrs. Sharpnack could have left me behind，but she didn't. Perhaps a great teacher just can't be satisfied with students falling short of his or her potential. "I know you can pass this test，" she repeated firmly. She said it with such certainty that it almost felt like a vow (誓言). For a brief moment，I wondered if she could be right.

I had thirty minutes from the time school let out until my bus came. Mrs. Sharpnack asked if I would be willing to use that time to go over the problems I had missed. I agreed. We started right then and made plans to meet each day for one week，after which I would take the test again. 

After going over a few problems，my friend Madena came looking for me. 

"What are you doing？" she asked.

Before I could say anything，Mrs. Sharpnack turned my test backside up，hiding its contents. "Amanda is helping me with a special project，" she said. By then，it was time for our bus to come. I gathered up my things and left with Madena.

For the next week，I stayed after class with Mrs. Sharpnack. She would go over each problem，carefully explaining their solutions. 

注意：续写词数应为150左右。

The day when I should take the test again came soon.

……

Things were different this time.

注意：1.词数80左右；2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

Back in late 1，700s, long before people understood the reason behind immunity, farmers and doctors in rural areas of Britain noticed that dairymaids (挤奶女工) and other people who got a mild disease called cowpox(牛痘) seldom caught its fearsome cousin, smallpox(天花). Was there a connection? Some decided there was and inserted (嵌入的) material from the cowpox into an incision they cut on the arm of healthy people, thus somehow (protect) them from smallpox. In 1798，a doctor named Edward Jenner published the results of his experiments using this procedure, earning (he)fame as the "Father of Immunology".

Scientists later figured out that cowpox somehow protected one from smallpox. When people caught cowpox, their bodies made special cells (call) antibodies. They fought the disease. That's not all. They stayed in the blood case the disease ever returned. Because cowpox and smallpox are fairly similar, if a person was later exposed to the more serious disease, antibodies were ready (fight) it too.

That knowledge helped scientists develop vaccines. The term vaccination originated from Latin. They contain the viruses, weakened, dead or modified (改良的).Injected into the blood, they trick the immune system into making antibodies.  the body ever meets with those same  (virus), even at full strength，the antibodies make short work of them.

Vaccination prior to  (expose) to the virus is ideal. But a vaccination given within three days of exposure will (complete) prevent or significantly modify smallpox in the majority of people and given within the first four to seven days will likely offer some protection or soften the disease.

Growing up, I was fortunate to travel with my parents and I'm extremely 1 to them for opening my eyes to the world. Travel is one of the 2 things because we can visit beautiful places and it teaches us a lot.

Three weeks ago, I had the biggest 3  of my life. I went to London alone. It was 4  to enter that airplane at 6：40 am, leaving my parents behind and knowing there was nobody 5  me on the other side. Watching the sunrise from the plane made me remember why I was there. 6 ， I was about to realize a dream.

I had tried making travel plans with friends but7 answers like "It's not the best time." or "I can't8 it." The idea of going alone was scary but9 . I wanted to prove that I was capable of 10 that fear and doing something I wanted.

It felt great to be 11  everything, from 12 my alarm to deciding which museum to visit. This sense of 13  was one of the best things about traveling alone.

By this journey, I learned to be more 14 ，realizing what I'm capable of and that I can 15 the journey of life on my own.

For years, research has linked skipping breakfast with the increased BMI (body mass index), but few studies have been carried out into the effect of the other two meals of the day.

However, a study conducted at Osaka University concluded that not eating dinner is a significant predictor of weight gain and obesity.. As part of their annual check－ups, the students were asked how often they ate breakfast，lunch，and dinner. Researchers also took into consideration the time of eating，whether participants' meal habits changed over the course of the study, and lifestyle factors.

，  the researchers found that those who did so all the time were more likely to be older, more overweight，a smoker or drinker, to sleep for a shorter period of time, and skip other meals more frequently.

These results suggested that skipping dinner, which was much less popular than skipping breakfast, could result in weight gain and higher likelihood of being overweight than skipping breakfast. It was significantly associated with weight gain of 10% or more, and having a BMI over 25, which is classed as overweight or obese..

The researchers suggested that the reason why skipping dinner could lead to weight gain is that it makes people hungrier so they end up eating more over the course of the day.. That's because dinner is typically a meal that lends itself to nutritious foods like lean (脂肪少的) proteins and vegetables.

The researchers noted that their study had drawbacks：. Additionally, they didn't take into account factors like exercise or depression.

A. The BMI has its limitations after all

B. Besides, skipping dinner may mean a lower quality diet

C. It should be repeated to assess a wider group of people

D. Skipping lunch was more likely to bring about the same results

E. It followed 20，000 subjects overall above 18 over an average of three years

F. Although the number of students who said they sometimes skipped dinner was small

G. Students skipping dinner has a stronger association with weight gain and obesity

People with fewer friends are more likely to attract new friends than people who already have a wide social circle—but most people think the opposite is true, a January study in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology found.

The study demonstrated what the authors call "the friend number paradox (悖论)"， or the concept that we think we'll magnetize more friends if we're more popular，but at the same time are more interested in befriending others if we know their circle is small.

The authors of the study Dai Xianchi and his colleague conducted three studies that presented participants with scenes to assess the difference between what they predicted others would want in somebody as a friend, and what they wanted in a friend. The researchers found people want high－quality relationships—harder to get from someone with lots of friends—but forget that when guessing what others want in them. They also found they could help correct this difference by reminding participants that, in fact, social butterflies may have less to give.

The researchers say people's natural self－centered viewpoint contributes to "the friend number paradox". That is, we're more likely to put our (in this case，false) predictions about ourselves onto others than to put ourselves in other people's shoes and apply those insights to us. We also tend to see the positive aspects of having more friends, like signaling a good personality or possessing "precious resources that others seek" in ourselves. We see the negatives, like not having enough time or energy to sustain a friendship, in others, Dai said. It's possible that other factors explain this difference, the researchers say. Maybe we prefer less popular people because we're worried about rejection from queen bees. We might also think choosing someone whose circle is smaller than ours boosts our social influence.

No matter what the potential causes are, Dai said the findings suggest people shouldn't "show off" a large friend number when seeking new connections.

New research by scientists at the University of Bristol explains how a "stop－start" pattern of evolution，governed by environmental change，could explain why crocodiles (鳄鱼) have changed so little since the age of the dinosaurs.

Crocodiles today look very similar to ones from 200 million years ago. There are also very few species alive today—just 25.Other animals such as lizards and birds have achieved a diversity of many thousands of species in the same amount of time. Prehistory also saw types of crocodile we don't see today，including giants as big as dinosaurs，plant－eaters，fast runners and snakelike forms that lived in the sea.

The rate of their evolution is generally slow，but occasionally they evolve more apace because the environment has changed. In particular，this new research suggests that their evolution speeds up when the climate is warmer，and that their body size increases. 

Lead author Dr. Max Stockdale said，"Our analysis used a machine learning algorithm (算法) to estimate rates of evolution. Evolutionary rate is the amount of change that has taken place over a given amount of time，which we can work out by comparing measurements from fossils and taking into account how old they are. For our study we measured body size，which is important because it interacts with how fast animals grow，how much food they need，how big their populations are and how likely they are to die out."

The findings show that the limited diversity of crocodiles and their apparent lack of evolution result from a slow evolutionary rate. It seems the crocodiles arrived with an already efficient and versatile (多功能的) body plan that doesn't require changes. This versatility could be one explanation why crocodiles survived the meteor (流星) impact at the end of the Cretaceous period，in which the dinosaurs died out. Crocodiles generally develop better in warm conditions because they cannot control their body temperature and require warmth from the environment.

Table tennis may not seem a reasonable option for someone with no arms—but Ibrahim Hamadtou doesn't believe in limits. The 48－year－old Egyptian Paralympian breaks the barrier by holding the paddle (乒乓球拍) in his mouth and using his right foot to serve the ball.

Hamadtou, who lost his arms in a train accident at the age of ten, was drawn to table tennis after being challenged by a friend. "I was once watching a match between two of my friends，" Hamadtou explains. "They disagreed on a point. When I was in favor of one of them, the other player told me, ‘Mind your own business as you will never be able to play.' It was that statement that fired me up to decide to play table tennis."

It took Hamadtou three years to master the sport. He said the biggest challenge was figuring out the best way to control his body. "I was trying first to use the bat under the arm, and I also tried using other things, which weren't working so well. Finally, I tried using my mouth. It took me nearly a year of practice to get used to holding the paddle with my mouth and making the serve. With practicing and playing regularly, this skill improved."

The Egyptian's incredible talent came to light in 2014 when he was awarded the best Arab Athlete of the Year. He won a silver medal at the 2016 African Championships，qualified for his first Paralympics in 2016 at 43, and then again for the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games at 48.

The inspiring athlete says, "The disability is not in arms or legs but to give up whatever you would like to do."

Children are celebrated and doted on in the Land of Smiles，making it a great place for a family holiday. Besides the Thais' natural love for kids，Thailand's affordability，weather and lots of activities make it a perfect getaway destination. Here is our list of the best family－friendly places to visit in Thailand.

Phuket

Phuket is one of Thailand's most popular destinations. From beautiful beaches and a fascinating old town to aquariums and horseback riding，Phuket has them all. Many of the island's resorts (度假胜地) offer children's clubs and babysitting services，enabling mum and dad to get a well－earned break，too. Phuket is easily reached from most parts of Thailand and has direct flights from many other countries.

Chiang Mai

Chiang Mai，Thailand's mountainous cultural center，is a fantastic place to travel with the whole family. Chiang Mai has a calm and relaxed atmosphere and is small enough to easily gain your direction. Here，you'll find plenty of fun and exciting activities for all ages，including museums，local markets，cooking schools and much more.

Krabi

The beach lovers' destination Krabi is the perfect place to relax. Not only are some of the country's best beaches in Krabi，but it is also a fantastic place to pick up a snorkel (呼吸管) and mask and become acquainted with Thailand's beautiful underwater world. In the surrounding area，there are also plenty of options for fun day trips to national parks，waterfalls，elephant sanctuaries (保护区) or，for older kids，rock climbing in some of the world's best climbing spots.

Koh Samui

Koh Samui has long been one of Thailand's most popular family holiday destinations. It almost has everything one would want. Many resorts have kids' programs on offer，and you'll find plenty of family－friendly activities to choose from. For something a little different，take your tribe to make new furry friends by volunteering at the animal rescue center for the day.