相关试卷

The Jiangsu countryside stretching between the cities of Suzhou and Shanghai is home to a lot of small beautiful water towns，many of which (locate) along the Grand Canal，an artificial canal connecting Hangzhou to Beijing with the aim of bringing supplies of goods to the imperial capital.

One of these towns is Tongli，which is easily (access) to tourists from the nearby city of Suzhou.(build) in the Song Dynasty，the town offers pleasant views and landscapes of traditional China，characterized by picturesque canals crossed by arch bridges and whitewashed houses that overlook the water.

Walking along the narrow alleys(巷)，you can admire  interesting number of well-preserved traditional houses，temples and gardens.The atmosphere is (exceptional) peaceful compared to most popular sites that are ruined by mass tourism and commercialization.Yes，Tongli is home to a great many souvenir shops and local products，but what amazed me was  well the town is preserved despite being open to tourism：a good balance  commercial activities and local life.So in spite of its (popular)，Tongli maintains a quiet，laid-back feeling，making it an ideal destination for visitors who seek peace and leisure.

I (take) scores of pictures while touring Tongli，which I hope may inspire travelers to add this pretty water town to their trips.My impression of Tongli is so positive that I've been meaning (go) back with my family for their first visit to China.

When Chris Ulmer first started teaching children with special needs，he could not have imagined the journey this job would take him on.In the three years he spent with his students，Ulmer discovered that these kids didn't 1 have special needs，they were all special people in every other 2 as well.

3  by the dream to show the world what these kids have to offer，Ulmer 4  the Special Books by Special Kids project.The project was 5  planned to be an eight-chapter book featuring eight of his students.However，after his book was 6  by over 50 publishers，he decided to do it all alone.Chris 7  his own Facebook page.Then he began to 8  interviews with his students and post them on social media.

Ulmer also traveled the country to visit children coping with 9  like autism(自闭症) and brain injuries，and interviewed them about life.Not all of the children could 10  themselves with words，but Ulmer treated every single child with 11 .He went into each interaction with the 12  that the person could understand him and was capable of communicating.

Through his efforts，the initial 8 video clips have 13 into a massive library of over 500 videos and the Facebook page has nearly 1.5 million fans."Everyone has the ability to change someone's life.It can be something as 14 as smiling，saying hello and praising someone.It doesn't take much to make a 15 ，"Ulmer says.

Polar bear mothers invest a huge amount into their cubs(幼兽)，isolating themselves in dens(兽穴) dug with great effort into piles of snow to provide care through the unforgiving conditions of Arctic winter.It's little wonder that the bears are hesitant to leave when disturbed，even when oil drilling equipment is in operation nearby.

"We found that bears wouldn't abandon their dens even with vehicles driving right overhead，" says Wesley Larson，who worked his way from office assistant to a graduate student position with Utah's Brigham Young University，monitoring polar bears on Alaska's North Slope.

Scientists have recorded an increase in human-wildlife conflict in the area，as offshore pack ice has decreased，forcing the bear population to create their dens closer to petrol industry activity.With increased industry interest in oil and gas leasing(租赁) in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge，strong evidence to help support and carry out protective measures for the species has never been more important.

Wildlife managers in Alaska depend on a rule that industrial activity and research cannot take place within 1.6 km of a den with newborn babies in it.Working with 15 years of monitoring records，and 30 years of notes concerning interactions between the industry and the bears，Larson and his colleagues were able to confirm that the regulation was sufficient，but that more needed to be done to actively locate dens.He explains that with entrances quickly covered by snow and dens closed-up until spring，they are effectively undetectable to the naked eye.

"While technology such as forward-looking infrared cameras can be used to try to pick up a heat signature inside the den，it only works when conditions are perfect，and they rarely are in Arctic winter，" says Larson.He is now consulting on a project using radar technology to identify dens and ensure protection for the animals symbolic of the Arctic.

Some coffee shops in Norway are hoping to solve the problem of loneliness.They've come up with a clever idea to supply ceramic mugs(马克杯) labeled "Skravlekopp". This translates roughly as "chatterbox" or，as a Norwegian friend explained to me，"someone who barely stops talking，but not in a negative sense".

The idea is that you can choose to have your coffee served in a green Skravlekopp as a way of signaling to others nearby that you feel like chatting.Someone with a similar urge for companionship can sit down with you and you've suddenly got a friend，at least for a short while.

It might seem like a lot of extra effort just to strike up a conversation with a stranger，but the fact is that many people have lost that skill，especially younger generations that now have more contact with people over texting and social media than face-to-face.It can feel awkward and uncomfortable to approach someone，not knowing if they want to talk.But with Skravlekopp，a simple mug bridges that gap.

"It turns out that we up here in the north are a little shy and often afraid to disturb others.We need a little signal that we are available and that it is allowed to have a little talk.Maybe you can talk to someone you've never talked to before，maybe you can teach something you're good at，maybe you know something you didn't know，maybe you can meet again，maybe not.You can be the little human meeting someone's needs today，" said a customer in his post on the Internet.

And people do need it more than ever.Ours has been called the "age of loneliness"，and in the United States about 20 to 30 percent of the population suffer from it.Last year it was reported that around 200,000 older people in the UK had not had a conversation with a friend or relative in more than a month.

So we need initiatives like this.I hope other towns and cities take note，realizing that it doesn't take much to put a smile on someone's face and make their day.

The art of sugar painting in China may date back   the Ming Dynasty，when sugar figures (make) in molds(模具) as part of a sacrifice in religion.In the Qing Dynasty，sugar painting gained more (popular). The molds were also replaced with a small bronze spoon.

As time passed by，the contemporary form of sugar painting has gradually evolved, (range) from animals to cartoon characters.The sugar painter, melts the sugar，concentrates on drawing with a spoon.In a few seconds，all kinds of images (vivid) appear on the board.After the sugar becomes solid，you can use bamboo stick to hold it.With a piece of sugar painting (appreciate) and consumed as well，it's particularly popular with young children in China.

 the number of sugar painters has decreased，this special folk art of sugar painting，due to  (it) unique charm，has drawn more and more attention from people in China.Hopefully，the art of sugar painting will continue to last for many generations.

Mary was always dreaming of graduating from college in cap and gown，1  her diploma and ready to start a career.Since Mary came from a low-income family，her dream seemed out of 2 .There would never be enough money to send Mary to college.3  ，no member of her family had ever gone to college.But Mary 4  that thought.In secondary school she studied hard，and spoke freely of her dream to teachers and friends.When her 5  day at school came，her principal called her into his office.

"I have a(n) 6 for you，" he said.

It contained a scholarship to a nearby college.The power of a thought had 7  its first bonus.But the scholarship could 8  only part of her college 9 .Mary looked for every part-time job she could find.

Mary's dream came true when she graduated from college.Then she took a course in insurance.When she 10 herself to a local insurance company for a job，she was 11 .She applied again，but in vain.She kept going back 12 the manager accepted her.

Twenty-five years later Mary Crowe's associates in that company 13 at a special dinner in her honor，recognizing her for her outstanding achievements as an insurance saleswoman.

"Each of us is constantly in a state of becoming，"she said，giving her formula for success."14 enthusiasm and faith you can become what you think.Not that your life will be without problems，but along the way problems will be 15 .Ask and believe；dream and believe；work and believe."

A NASA-funded study used satellite to search for penguin poops(粪便) in Antarctica：funny at first sight though，it resulted in unique insights on the Adelie penguin's diet and its future as the climate changes.The findings published recently unlocked the secrets about the species that can provide an early-warning of threats to Antarctica's delicate ecosystem.

Researchers from Stony Brook University used satellite images to see if the Adelie penguin's diet has been changing in response to Antarctica's changing climate.Adelie penguin population has dropped greatly in some areas even as the global population increases.The satellite images cannot show the penguins individually，but their presence can be detected by the stain(污渍) left on the ice by their waste，called guano.

Male and female penguins take turns incubating(孵化) in the nest.The guano builds up in the same areas occupied by the nests.Heather Lynch，associate professor at Stony Brook，along with his team，used the area of the colony as defined by the guano stain to work back to the number of pairs.A global survey for Adelie penguins turned up 3.8 million breeding pairs.Also，the satellite data can detect the color of the penguin guano，ranging from white to pink to dark red.White guano is from eating mostly fish；pink and red would be from eating mostly krill(磷虾). The team found that while the Adelie penguin's diet did show changes from year to year，no consistent pattern was obvious.

"This was a big surprise，since the abundance and distribution of Adelie penguins has changed dramatically over the last 40 years and scientists had assumed that a change in diet might have played a role，" said Casey Youngflesh，a graduate student from the university.However，continued changes in the physical environment and a growing krill fishery in the region are likely to have an influence on penguin prey(猎物) and penguin population itself."Tools like these will be important for the management of the Antarctic ecosystem，which is often considered among the most primitive areas in the world，"said Youngflesh.

The days of staring at the computer screen pretending to be interested in an assignment even though you are bored out of your mind may soon be coming to an end.That's because if Dr Harry Witchel，Discipline Leader in Physiology at England's Brighton and Sussex Medical School，has his way，computers of the future will be able to detect boredom and even react to it real-time.

But before you get concerned，the machine is not reading your mind.It is just keeping track of the constant involuntary(无意识的)movements that people exhibit when in front of a computer or even a television.These are not the bigger instrumental actions like moving a mouse or using the remote，but barely noticeable movements like scratching，fidgeting，or stretching.Witchel says the level of movement is directly linked to how absorbed the person is in what he or she is reading or watching.The higher the interest level，the less the movement!

To test the theory，Witchel and his team invited 27 people and exposed them to a variety of digital contents for three minutes at a time.The activities ranged from playing online games to reading documents like the banking regulations that most people would find boring.

A video motion tracker monitored their movements as they powered through each assignment.Just as the researchers had expected，the involuntary actions decreased dramatically，by as much as 42%，when the participants were totally absorbed in what they were reading or seeing.

Fortunately，the scientists are not planning to use the findings to create machines that report students who are not focusing at school.Instead，they believe that combining the motion-detecting technology with future computers will help enhance the digital learning experience.

The scientists say that being able to measure the students' interest level will enable educators to adjust the materials real-time and re-engage the students.Witchel also believes that the technology can provide filmmakers with honest audience opinions.

BASE jumping is a dangerous sport that involves using a parachute(降落伞) to jump off a high structure. Because BASE jumping is very dangerous，it is sometimes considered a "stunt"，or"daredevil activity"rather than a sport.

BASE is an acronym(首字母缩写) that stands for the four categories of fixed launch points for a BASE jump：building，antennae(高塔)，span(bridge) and earth(cliff). "BASE numbers" are awarded to those jumpers who have completed at least one jump from each of the categories.

Carl Boenish made the first official BASE jump off the Troll Wall in Norway in 1984.Unfortunately，Carl Boenish was killed two days after that first BASE jump as he tried to make another BASE jump off the Troll Wall.Improvements in equipment have helped reduce BASE jumping deaths. There are no reliable statistics on the number of people killed and injured while BASE jumping，but it is certainly more dangerous than skydiving.Because of the high death rate，BASE jumping has not gained widespread acceptance. A BASE jumper needs to get permission to use both the place from which the jump is initiated(开始) and the landing areas.Some places，like the Troll Wall，are banned because of the high level of danger.However，many sites are still open to jumpers.

 It can easily injure or kill you.You are a huge investment of time，energy，and money by your parents.Your parents expect you to have good judgment，so think hard before you do anything that is dangerous.

A. BASE jumping is something that you shouldn't do.

B. Teens'parents don't support BASE jumping because it costs money.

C. A BASE number qualifies the participant as a recognized BASE jumper.

D. This is also one of the reasons that it is considered illegal in many countries.

E. BASE jumping just gets even more dangerous as you compete to be the quickest.

F. It has become popular with those constantly looking for new and exciting things to do.

G. Nevertheless，many people，including skilled jumpers，are still injured or killed every year.

To persist，life must reproduce.Scientists at the University of Vermont，Tufts University，and the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University have discovered an entirely new form of biological reproduction and applied their discovery to creating the first-ever，self-replicating(自我复制的) living robots.

Named Xenobots after the African clawed frog from which scientists take their stem cells，the machines are less than 0.04 inches wide—small enough to travel inside human bodies.They can walk and swim，survive for weeks without food，and work together in groups.They even have regenerative capabilities；when the scientists sliced into one robot，it healed by itself and kept moving.

The Xenobots could potentially be used toward a host of tasks.Xenobots could be used to clean up radioactive waste and collect microplastics in the oceans.Some Xenobots have holes in their center，which could potentially be used to transport drugs or medicines.Traditional robots "degrade(降解) over time and can produce harmful ecological and health side effects，" researchers said in the study，which was published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.As biological machines，Xenobots are more environmentally friendly and safer for human health.Aside from these immediate practical tasks，Xenobots could also help researchers to learn more about cell biology—opening the doors to future advancement in human health and longevity.

While the prospect of self-replicating biotechnology could spark concern，the researchers said that the living machines were entirely contained in a lab and easily destroyed，as they are biodegradable and regulated by experts."There are many things that are possible if we take advantage of this kind of plasticity(可塑性) and ability of cells to solve problems，"said Joshua Bongard，one of the lead researchers at the university of Vermont.

For more than a decade，a team of researchers have studied the dynamics of the Greenland Ice Sheet as it responds to a warming climate.But while much of their focus has been on water's impacts on ice sheet change，their most recent research findings have overturned the order of their thinking.Meierbachtol，Harper and their team discovered that changes in the ice sheet have a real impact on the massive groundwater system underlying Greenland.

This latest discovery occurred thanks to a marriage of drilling techniques.International cooperators made an angled hole 650 meters through bedrock underneath a Greenland glacier(冰川) to measure groundwater conditions under the ice.Meanwhile，researchers drilled 32 holes from atop the glacier，through nearly a kilometer of ice，to measure water conditions at the area between ice and bedrock，which forms an important boundary controlling groundwater flow below.After drilling，the team fixed sensors in the ice column and at the ice sheet bed to measure ice dynamics and water conditions as water flows under the ice.

"By studying areas covered by ice 10,000 years ago，we have known that the huge mass and vast amounts of water from melting ice can impact the underlying groundwater，" Meierbachtol said."It's generally accepted that the groundwater is sleeping over decades to centuries and its response to ice sheet change is long：thousands of years.But what we've shown here is that it is immediate."

This new understanding could have important subsequent effects on how Greenland's thinning ice impacts the Arctic.The thinning ice could reduce the rate of groundwater flow to the ocean，changing the water temperature and salinity(盐度) balance that is important for ocean circulation(循环) patterns."In thinking about the complex feedbacks from Greenland's ongoing change，we have really ignored the groundwater component，"Harper said.

It was late，about 10∶15 p. m.Janice Esposito got off the train at Bellport，New York，went to her car and started driving home.She was so familiar with the route that she almost drove automatically：turned left to the Station Road，then another left onto Montauk Highway，and then—bam! When Esposito's car had just crossed the railroad tracks，it bumped into another vehicle and was pushed back onto the tracks.Injured but mostly shocked by the crash and by the airbags that popped up，she was stuck in the vehicle.

As it happened，Pete DiPinto was just about to go to sleep when he heard a sharp noise and saw the accident not far outside his bedroom window.As a volunteer firefighter and retired teacher，DiPinto，who was 65，fetched a flashlight and rushed out without hesitation."Any firefighter would have done what I did，" he said."We're always on duty."

At first，he spotted the other car in the accident.After making sure that the driver was all right，DiPinto looked around and discovered Esposito's car straddling(横跨) the railway tracks.And then he heard the bell ring，which signaled a train's arrival.

DiPinto rushed to Esposito's car and broke the window on the driver's side.Esposito looked up at him，with her eyes glazing over."I don't know where I am，" she said.

"You're on the railroad tracks，"DiPinto yelled."I have to get you off right now！" The train was running toward them at a speed of some 105 kilometers per hour.The driver's door failed to be opened due to the collision(碰撞)，so DiPinto quickly ran to the other side and was able to open the door.He put the airbags aside，seized her arms，pulled her toward him across the passenger seat until finally got her out and walked her to safety as swiftly as possible.Several seconds later，the train crashed into the vehicle."It was like a Hollywood movie，"DiPinto told reporters the next day.

"Last night，"said Gregory Miglino Jr.，Chief of the Department in South Country Ambulance，"the hero arrived in pajamas(睡衣裤)，not in a fire truck."

Children are naturally curious beings. Teachers and parents often find themselves making use of rewards in the form of stars，promises of high grades and wonderful careers，or threats of punishment.But what if rewards and threats aren't the answer?

Natural curiosity is sometimes referred to as "inner motivation". And it's easy to understand why it's hard to study something we aren't actively engaged with，and if we're passionate about the information we're digesting，it feels more fulfilling.

External motivation，things like rewards and punishment，does have its uses too.Praise and stimulation based on achieving good grades or fear of punishment has been acknowledged to motivate older students. So，if it's the case that natural curiosity is motivation for better learning，how can we stimulate that interest?

Let children see their learning as their own thing and give them a bit more choice of what and how they learn.For example，if you want to teach children to read，let them choose which book they use.Whether it's a graphic novel，TV guide or classic literature，the aim of stimulating their appetite for reading is achieved.

Likewise，build a relationship with children as learners and listen to their negative feelings.If they are unwilling to get involved in an activity，don't rush to use threats or rewards.Try to find out why.Perhaps it's simply because they feel the activity boring.

All in all，the answer to motivating children，especially the young ones，comes from inspiring their inner motivation.Once their inner motivation is generated，the children will be fired up.

A. The key is to allow some degree of freedom.

B. Children who see learning as fun are better at it.

C. It doesn't have as much effect at an early age，though.

D. Then explain its value，even if it doesn't seem appealing.

E. It's unapparent whether they lack inner or external motivation.

F. Even top students have days when they aren't motivated for learning.

G. But getting them to study what they aren't interested in can be a tricky task.

Echolocation has been gaining popularity recently as a skill that some blind people use to precisely map the surroundings.They can detect trees，buildings or doorways by making a clicking sound with their mouths and listening for the echo.

However，research has shown this can be learned by anyone，blind or sighted.A growing body of research encourages us to awake senses that have been neglected.Just by using mouth clicks，echo experts can tell whether an object 2m away is a car or tree.

This does not mean echolocation provides people with the same accuracy as vision.Human echolocators struggle to track tiny targets.And it only works for three-dimensional objects.However，Lore Thaler，one of the world's leading experts on human echolocation，says it is still a very powerful technique.

Thaler and her colleagues are currently studying brain scans of sighted and blind people who are learning to echolocate.So far，results have shown something rather surprising：When sighted people learn to navigate by sound，they engage the part of their brain that usually deals with vision.

"We like to think of vision as a sense that's by itself，and there are certain resources dedicated to it，such as the eyes and specific parts of the brain.But instead，our brain may be able to process sensory information somewhat more flexibly—‘seeing' with our ears，if you like.It's just that usually，for sighted people，there is no reason to do so，" says Thaler.

In everyday life，our real sensory superpower lies not in any individual skill，but in their combination.This is because each sense is limited on its own.Our peripheral vision(外围视觉)，for example，is rather poor.But we can combine it with another sense，like hearing，to make out where something is，say，an approaching car.This is known as the "bimodal precision advantage(双峰精度优势)".

It's strange to think that echolocation has been inside us，unused and unnoticed.Who knows what other hidden senses are waiting to be discovered?

Recently，Londoners were treated to a new way in dining.Food Ink，"the world's first 3D printing restaurant"，opened to a group of guests who dined on a nine-course meal prepared right before their eyes using 3D printers.Even the restaurant's tables and chairs，cups and plates were created with 3D technology.With London just the beginning，Food Ink plans to bring its innovative restaurant format to a number of other cities around the globe.

Like other 3D applications，printing food is a process that builds layers upon layers of material on top of each other.Each layer is pushed through a print head to form an object with a desired shape，texture，size，and so forth.Unlike other 3D printing，which uses spools(线轴) to create objects out of plastic，food materials in 3D printing are inserted into a syringe(吸管) like a container，which are then pressed into the shape required.Any food ingredients that can be turned into a paste(糊状物) can be used in 3D food printing.

Fine dining is only one aspect of the food industry about to be revolutionized by 3D printing.Researchers have been exploring ways to use 3D printing to fight world hunger.Mass production of food using powdered nutritional ingredients could help feed a growing population.This is especially important with the world population projected to be 6.5 billion by 2030.The 3D-printed food would have the advantage of being produced cheaply and having a long shelf life.

The technology will enable consumers to quickly make meals with ingredients to suit their specific health needs.The Netherlands Organization for applied scientific research is turning to 3D printing to mash up(捣成糊状) peas，broccoli，and carrots to produce 3D-printed versions of the vegetables.These are easier to chew but hold their shape.The 3D-printed vegetables are being served throughout nursing homes in Germany.It seems that there is no end to the potential of 3D printing.

Younger readers will discover dinosaurs，stars，explorers，landmarks and more in these maps and travel books chosen by Vivien Godfrey，head of Stanfords.

Maps Special Edition ， ￡25

This book was already popular in our children's department and has been made even better with this special edition，which includes 16 new maps.The collection of 68 maps takes you through 58 countries and 6 continents.It is packed with illustrated information，which includes famous historical figures，local dishes，festivals，wild animals and landmarks.

Maps of the United Kingdom ， ￡17.99

We held the launch for Maps of the United Kingdom at the Stanfords store in London.Technically aimed at children，it contains lots of information and facts.It's so well put together，especially when it comes to choosing the 7 famous people in connection with each county：Norfolk，for example，includes Boudicca and Philip Pullman.

Harry Potter's London：The Film Location Walk ， ￡3.99

Harry Potter's London：The Film Location Walk is a map that features information on three walks taken in the best locations of Central London featured in the hugely popular films.The walks cover Piccadilly Circus to Westminster Bridge via Trafalgar Square and King's Cross Station，with its famous Platform 9.

First Sticker Book Flags ， ￡5.99

Learn the flags of every country in the world by placing the flag stickers on the correct countries on the maps.This contains fascinating facts about countries and why certain flags feature their particular designs.There are fun questions throughout，including，"Some African flags have a diagonal stripe.How many can you find？"

By 2025，water shortage will be a big problem for about 1.8 billion people.In a world where water resource is increasingly short，nations cannot afford to waste it. After we use water in our homes and businesses，it is washed away，taking many valuable resources with it.

Waste water is rich in carbon and nutrients. A number of nations and major cities have already built waste water treatment plants.They can effectively recover nutrients and bio-energy，and produce "new water" that can be reused.But more than 80% of all waste water still currently flows into natural ecosystems，polluting the environment and taking valuable nutrients and other recoverable materials with it.

 This is still better than the situation in smaller cities.In Latin American countries，those living in small and medium-sized cities at most treat it in the form of septic tanks(化粪池) that lack regular and proper maintenance.

Imagine that outside one of these small cities lies a lovely piece of land：on the surface it is aesthetically(美学地) built and provides habitats for local wildlife.Beneath the surface is wetland that treats waste water and produces energy.

The energy produced saved families from having to use firewood collected in the wild.This is not a dream project. A team of scientists have been looking into the potential of the constructed wetland environments.Having analyzed 800 examples of biomass in more than 200 countries，they found that，depending on climate and the type of plant used in the construction of this type of wetland，up to 45 hectares of land could be irrigated with waste water.

A. This can provide ready access to clean water.

B. But that is exactly what we do.

C. A constructed wetland environment is already in practice on a small scale.

D. There is no longer any good reason to waste any type of water.

E. If collected and treated properly，it could provide "new water"，fertilizer，and energy.

F. This would reduce the need for fresh water for irrigation and energy for pumping.

G. Although waste water systems in large cities are effective，the whole procedure usually costs much.

Humans are emotional beings，showing feelings in our behavior and facial expressions.But whether these mean the same thing in different cultures has been hotly debated.Now a new study has found that in different social contexts，such as weddings，funerals and sports，people indeed show universal facial expressions.

For the new study，Alan Cowen's team used a machine learning model，Deep Neural Network(DNN)，to systematically analyze facial expressions in thousands of different contexts.These contexts come from more than six million videos uploaded to YouTube by people in 144 countries.

Facial expressions were rated by English speakers in India by selecting applicable emotions from a list of 31 labels，resulting in a total of 16 distinct facial expressions.Meanwhile，contexts were classified in a separate experiment.The results showed that people from different cultures share about 70% of the facial expressions used in response to different social and emotional situations.

"This supports Darwin's theory that expressing emotions in our faces is universal among humans，" the study co-lead author Dacher Keltner said."The physical display of our emotions may define who we are as a species，enhancing our communication and cooperation skills and ensuring our survival."

However，Lisa Barrett，from the Northeastern University College of Science notes that the English speakers in India were given the emotional word ratings rather than labeling the expressions themselves.They used emotion labels such as "anger" "fear" and "sadness" instead of descriptive terms，thereby inferring the emotions behind the expressions.

She further comments that the raters(评定者) saw the faces in contexts which can't necessarily be separated from the emotions themselves，and that the key point is that the raters are from just one country."The ultimate value of Cowen and his colleagues' study might lie not in the answers it provides，" she concludes，"but in the opportunity for further discovery that it opens up."