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Scientists once considered sleep to be like a shadow (阴影) getting drawn over a window between the brain and the outside world: when the shadow is closed, the brain stops reacting(反应) to outside stimuli(刺激).

A study published on 12 October in Nature Neuroscience suggests that there might be periods during sleep when that shadow is partially open.

A few years ago, Oudiette, a cognitive(认知) scientist in France, began questioning the definition of sleep after she and her team conducted an experiment in which they were able to communicate with people who are aware that they are dreaming while they sleep otherwise known as. clear dreamers. During these people's dreams, experimenters were able to ask questions and get reactions through eye and facial-muscle movements.

Karen Konkoly, who was a co-author on that study, says "it was a big open question in our mind whether communication would be possible with non-clear dreamers."

So Oudiette continued with the work. In her latest study, she and her colleagues observed 27 people with narcolepsy (嗜睡症)—characterized by daytime sleepiness and a high frequency of clear dreams——and 22 people without the condition. While they were sleeping, participants(参与者) were repeatedly asked to frown or smile. All of them reacted correctly to at least 70% of these tips. Overall response rates(整体反应率) were higher -for all participants during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep, when the deepest sleep occurs but the brain remains quite active, than during other sleep stages.

This study is part of a larger advance in the field of sleep research, says Mélanie Strauss, a cognitive scientist in Brussels. Researchers are moving away from monitoring sleep mainly with EEG(脑电图)and towards "fine grained"(细粒度 approaches that combine EEG with various tasks and stimuli a strategy that could help to throw light. on specific diseases or conditions, she says.

Drive through any suburb in the U. S. today, and it's hard to miss the recycling bins that have become companions to America's trash cans. Recycling has become common, as people recognize the need to care for the environment. Yet most people's recycling awareness extends(延伸) only as far as paper, bottle, and cans. People seldom find themselves facing the growing problem of e-waste.

E-waste rapidly increases as the techno-fashionable frequently upgrade to the most advanced devices, and the majority of them end up in landfills(填埋). Some people who track such wastes say that users throw away nearly 2 million tons of TVs, VCRs, computers, cell phones, and other electronics every year. Unless we can find a safe replacement(替代品), this 

e-waste may get into the ground and poison the water with dangerous toxins(霉素), such as lead, mercury, and arsenic. Burning the waste also dangerously contaminates the air.

However, e-waste often contains reusable silver, gold, and other electrical materials. Recycling these materials reduces environmental problems by reducing both landfill waste and the need to look for such metals, which can destroy ecosystems.

A growing number of states have passed laws to ban(禁止) getting rid of e-waste. Still, less than a quarter of this waste will reach lawful recycling programs. Some companies advertising safe disposal(处理) in fact merely ship the waste to some developing countries, where it still ends up in landfills. These organizations prevent progress by unsafely disposing of waste in an out-of-sight, out-of-mind location.

However, the small but growing number of cities and corporations that do handle e-waste responsibly represents progress toward making the world a cleaner, better place for us all.

The life of a premature(早产的) baby born during the winter storm in Texas was saved thanks to a team of medical professionals, including a doctor and two nurses who travelled from East Austin to Marble Falls in an effort to save a newborn baby's life.

When Arias began experiencing pains, she and her parents headed to the closest hospital, Baylor Scott & White. Arias gave birth to her daughter, Zaylynn, who weighed just over one pound and was in need of advanced special care. However, the hospital does not offer the specialized care premature babies require.

"We had five or six people out at the nurses' station calling hospital networks all over the state of Texas," said Meredith Schubert, the labor and delivery nurse on duty when Arias arrived. "Nobody could answer our cry for help."

They finally reached Dr. John Loyd through a patient, division neonatologist(新生儿学专家) chief at Dell Children's Medical Center in Austin, Texas. Around 5 p. m., after already having worked a full shift, Loyd packed his SUV with equipment and he and two nurses set out for Marble Falls, about 55miles away. The drive took Loyd and the nurses about two hours as they drove. in the night through ice and snow.

After safely arriving at the medical center in Marble Falls around 8 p. m., the Dell Children's crew set up a temporary newborn ICU. Together, the Dell Children's and Baylor Scott & White teams worked around the clock to care for the mother and daughter.

Once the weather cleared enough to allow for a helicopter to safely land. Zaylynn was transferred(转移) to Dell Children's, where there is a Level IV newborn intensive care unit(重症监护室).

Schubert said, "It was a huge relief and a sense of accomplishment and joy that Zaylynn finally got to the place where she needed to be."

Arias said that she was grateful to the doctors and nurses who worked together to save her daughter.

Top Theme Parks and Amusement Parks in Australia

Magic Mountain Merimbula

Located in the town of Merimbula, this small theme park is situated on the Sapphire Coast. There are multiple attractions in this place including Kiddie Splash Pool, Magic Carpet Slide and the Diamond Python Roller Coaster. You can buy souvenirs from the gift shops for friends and family back home.

Opening hours: Monday to Sunday 10 a. m. to 4p. m.

Price:$90 per person

The Big Banana Fun Park

The Big Banana Fun Park is located in the city of Coffs Harbour and it boasts a large walk-through banana. Guests can go roller skating at the ice-skating rink, enjoy water slides and play golf.

Opening hours: Monday to Sunday 9 a. m. to 5 p. m.

Price:$25 per adult (age 13-99); $15 per child(age 1-12)

Wet Wild Gold Coast

Owned and operated by the Village Roadshow Theme Parks, this park features 17 water slides,4pools, and 2 children's areas. If you are traveling during the winter season, there is nothing to worry as the pools and slides are heated according to your convenience.

Opening hours: Monday to Sunday 10 a. m. to 5 p. m.

Price:$24 per person

Big Splash Waterpark

Featuring nine slides, a 50-meter(164 feet) pool, and kiddie pools, this park is a perfect spot to chill when the sun is out. Being one of the oldest theme parks in Australia, it boasts the famous Jammo Pool.

Opening hours: Monday to Sunday 10 a. m. to6 p. m.

Price:$150 per adult(age 13-99); 40% discount per child (age 1-12)

Enjoy with your kids at one of the theme parks in Australia.

It was time for the annual Potato-Salad Contest in Russet Park. After trying for the third time, Alexis shook her head sadly. There was no way she would win the Golden Potato again because Grandpa wasn't here this year.

Memories of how Grandpa taught her to make potato rose in her mind. She sighed and missed Grandpa so much.

Alexis cut the potatoes and mixed the boiled potatoes, some sauces and a little salt and peppers in a bowl. But it didn't taste right. Alexis tried a bite of the salad mixture, wondering what was missing. Seeing her frown, Mom suggested, "What about something spicy? Your Grandpa loved spicy things."

"You're right! Maybe he put a jalapeno pepper in it," Alexis said, cutting up a bright green jalapeno and adding it to the bowl.

It was closer, but it still didn't taste right. Alexis was drooping her head, disappointed. "Should we look in a cookbook?"

"Grandpa was never one to follow a recipe," Dad entered the kitchen and said.

It was true. People loved Grandpa's potato salad because it was one of a kind. Alexis remembered posing with Grandpa for a photo while they were making the salad.

Photo! That gave her an idea. Alexis hurried to the bookcase and found an old photo album. She immediately flipped it open, expecting to find clues in the photos there. Lots of photos showed Grandpa and Grandma cooking together. Dad laughed, "He and Grandma loved to tease each other but he always called her Honey."

"Do you think he put honey in the potato salad?" Mum asked.

"It is worth a try," said Alexis. She stirred some honey into the bowl.

But it still wasn't quite right. Alexis' heart sank, on the verge of giving up. Dad kept flipping the album. At the end of the album was the picture of Grandpa and Alexis making the salad together.

注意：1. 续写词数应为 150 左右;2. 请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。