相关试卷
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1、 阅读理解
The ban on cigarette advertising in the early 1970s in the United States serves as a fascinating case study in the field of public health campaigns and their unintended consequences. Despite the government's intention to discourage smoking and reduce related health risks, the ban led to an unexpected outcome: an increase in cigarette sales for the major tobacco companies.
The reason for this unexpected outcome can be traced to the principles of game theory, particularly the prisoner's dilemma paradox (悖论). Just as in the prisoner's dilemma, where cooperation leads to the best outcome for both parties, the tobacco companies would benefit collectively if none of them advertised. This action would create fairness in competition, ensuring that no individual company gains an edge by advertising.
However, the dilemma arises when considering the potential actions of competitors. If one tobacco company decides to ignore the ban and advertise its products, it stands to gain a significant market share and increased sales compared to its non-advertising competitors. This creates a situation where each company faces the urge to advertise, fearing that their competitors may do the same and leave them at a disadvantage.
In the end, most tobacco companies decided to play it safe and invested in advertising, despite the ban, to avoid being left behind in the competitive landscape. This strategic decision reflects the uncertainty and strategic considerations that shape business decisions, even in the face of regulations aimed at public health goals.
This application of game theory provides valuable insight into the complexities of influencing human behavior through policy interventions. While well-intended efforts such as advertising bans may seem straightforward in theory, the realities of strategic decision-making and competitive dynamics often lead to unforeseen outcomes. As such, understanding the complexities of game theory can provide valuable insight for policymakers seeking to design more effective interventions and address complex societal challenges.
(1)、What is a direct result of the ban in the 1970s?A、Cut in tax income. B、Reduction in health risks. C、Rise in tobacco sales. D、Cooperation of companies.(2)、How can all competitors benefit in the prisoner's dilemma?A、They fully trust each other and follow the regulations. B、They act independently and pursue their own interests. C、They increase their market share at the expense of others. D、They ignore competition and focus on their own strategies.(3)、Why do most tobacco companies finally choose to advertise?A、To avoid intense competition. B、To gain a competitive advantage. C、To shape better business images. D、To achieve public health goals.(4)、What can be the most suitable title for the passage?A、A Good Intention Fails B、A Ban on Cigarette Advertising Ends in Smoke C、A Ban Boosts Public Health D、A Dilemma Concerns Cigarette Campaign -
2、 阅读理解
For most of our history, humans have been short, a study has found. Until around 150 years ago, few people grew taller than 170 centimeters.
Christiane Scheffler at the University of Potsdam and Michael Hermanussen in Altenhof have spent several years studying the height of people from a wide range of populations. In their latest paper, they combined an existing data of more than 6000 prehistoric human skeletons with multiple studies of more recent historical populations from Europe and the US. They also included their own data on 1666 present-day school children from Indonesia.
In the prehistoric populations,the maximum height for men was 165 to 170 centimeters, while women topped out at 160 cm. Today, men in England have an average height of around 175 cm, while for women it is about 162 cm.
But there is significant variation between modern countries. The Indonesian school children in the study were shorter than similarly aged children from the US, despite being well-nourished.
Scheffler and Hermanussen argue that height can be a signal of dominance (显赫地位), so in societies where it is possible to move up through the social classes, evolution favors individuals who reach a greater height.
Subramanian at Harvard University isn't convinced by the pair's interpretation. His team previously showed that the best predictor of a child's height is the height of their parents. This suggests that the influence of other factors, such as social mobility, is limited.
After assessing nearly 163,000 children living in 55 low and middle-income countries, Subramanian's team found that 42.9 percent had poor nutrition but no "sign of stunting" (阻碍发育) or other physical indicators of this fact.
This implies there is a lot of hidden malnutrition that doesn't reveal itself through stunting. A person's nutritional condition should be assessed by looking at their diet not their height, says Subramanian.
(1)、How did Scheffler and Hermanussen conduct the research?A、Studying the skeletons of prehistoric human. B、Combining existing data with recent research. C、Assessing children living in various income areas. D、Analyzing the results of other scientists' researches.(2)、What's Subramanian's attitude towards the explanation of Scheffler and Hermanussen?A、Worried. B、Cautious. C、Doubtful. D、Supportive.(3)、What can we infer from Subramanian's study?A、Poor nutrition delays physical development. B、A balanced diet contributes to growing taller. C、High social classes can reach a greater height. D、A human's height has little to do with nutrition.(4)、What is the text mainly about?A、The significance that lies in nutrition. B、The factors that influence human's height. C、The importance that humans attach to height. D、The reasons why prehistoric humans were short. -
3、 阅读理解
Yesterday, after a day of Zoom (视频会议软件) meetings in my living room, I stepped out for a walk leaving my teen son bored on the couch. Bleecker Street, usually packed with people, was sprinkled with only the occasional pedestrians. Bars and restaurants lining the street were dark. Stores with bright neon lights, doors open, beckoned for the rare passers-by to enter. After just a week of the Covid-19 pandemic, an afternoon walk in Greenwich Village neighborhood felt surreal.
But then I noticed a row of daffodils (水仙) reaching for the sun in the small triangle-shaped park by Minetta Lane. On the windows of a locked restaurant, in bright yellow paint, were the words "We love you, West Village. Take care of each other." My phone buzzed — a colleague sent a picture of her newborn baby just home from the hospital. I arrived home to find my son animated on the couch playing a video game virtually with his friends. Life, love, play, and human connection persist, even though our world has been turned upside down.
In my welcome note to the new students in the Fall, I wrote that this year is about our college's core values of inclusion, innovation, and impact and emphasized the power of interconnection. Today, these core values persist, with interconnection taking on even greater significance. Our collaborative spirit has always given us an advantage — academically, creatively, culturally, and now, remotely.
A wise person once told me that getting through a crisis is like being given a new hand of cards in the middle of a game. We are halfway through the semester, with new hands to play, but the game hasn't changed. We will find new ways to continue to work, teach, create and learn. Let's also continue the informal interactions that make us a community — the study groups, coffee dates, drop-ins just to say hello. In doing so, we will remain connected.
We will come together, from spaces around the world, to meet this new reality. This is who we are. Nothing — not space, nor time — can keep us from moving forward, together.
(1)、What can be inferred from paragraph 1?A、The Covid-19 pandemic is unstoppable. B、The effects of the pandemic could be easily felt. C、Nothing is the same except that the business goes slow as usual. D、People have every reason to be worried about the future.(2)、What does the writer include in paragraph 2?A、Daily routines that seemed insignificant. B、Reminders that the world has been changed. C、Events that people can do during the pandemic. D、Things or people that carry symbolic meanings.(3)、What does the underlined word "collaborative" mean in paragraph 3?A、Cooperative. B、Pioneering. C、Independent. D、Adventurous.(4)、What is the main purpose of the text?A、To express wisdom gained from previous experience. B、To give people some tips on how to handle a crisis. C、To deliver an uplifting message over the pandemic. D、To encourage people to enjoy the great outdoors. -
4、 阅读理解
Is an electric vehicle right for you?

Many people will ask themselves that question for the first time this year. Prices are falling, battery range is rising and mainstream brands are adding new EVs at a breakneck pace.
Here are three things anybody seriously considering buying an EV should know:
1. The price to install a 240v charger
Anybody who owns an electric vehicle needs a 240-volt charger at home. With one, you can recharge overnight, so you start every day with the equivalent of a full tank.
Just a few years ago, home 240v EV chargers cost $2,500-$3,000, including installation, but prices have declined as competition grows with the number of EVs on the road.
2. The time it takes to charge
About 80% of miles driven in EVs are powered by electricity charged at home, but you'll need to charge elsewhere occasionally. That's when charging time becomes a big deal, but how long it takes depends on a couple of factors.
First, voltage from the charger. Getting 250 miles of range in seven hours from a 240v charger is fine when you're charging overnight at home, but it's a deal breaker if you're going 300 miles for a weekend getaway. In that case, you'll want to look for a 400v DC fast charger. They're not as common as 240v public chargers yet, but they're becoming more widespread.
There's another factor: the on-board charger. It regulates how fast the battery can accept electricity. A vehicle with a higher-capacity on-board charger accepts electricity faster.
3. Where to charge
Good route-planning apps will help you find chargers on a road trip.
"Most people have no idea how many public charging stations are within, say, a 10- or 15-mile radius (半径) because they're small, people don't look for them or even don't know what to look for, and they're rarely signposted," said journalist John Voelcker, who has studied EVs and charging exhaustively.
4.On the horizon
If an EV doesn't meet your needs now, watch this space. They're coming closer, but large numbers of gasoline vehicles will remain in production for years. Beyond that, companies will keep making spare parts for oil-burners for decades.
(1)、Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?A、The price of installing a home EV charger has remained stable in the past few years. B、It's quite easy to identify the public charging stations with the help of striking signposts. C、Popular brands are introducing new EVs at an incredibly fast rate. D、An electric vehicle can't provide the same amount of energy as a completely filled fuel tank.(2)、The underlined phrase "watch this space" in the last paragraph probably means "____".A、give up the plan to purchase an EV B、make space for an EV C、find an alternative to EV D、keep an eye out for future developments(3)、This passage is mainly intended to ____.A、illustrate the factors charging time depends on B、offer advice on purchasing an electric vehicle C、look forward to the future of electric vehicles D、explain the reason for the falling prices of electric vehicles -
5、 听材料,回答问题。(1)、What does the speaker mainly talk about?A、What courses the college offers. B、Why today's students need exercise. C、How today's students spend their money.(2)、What does Sarah spend less money on?A、Transport. B、Food. C、Clothes.(3)、Who loves cycling?A、Colin. B、Jack. C、Sarah.(4)、How does Diana get her money?A、By selling a lot of books. B、By asking her parents for it. C、By selling clothes made on her own.
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6、 听材料,回答问题。(1)、What does the man say about his office?A、His office is richly decorated. B、He has used this office for a week. C、His office space is spacious enough.(2)、Why does the man need a web camera for his computer?A、To record his trip next week. B、To collect cost-effective web cameras. C、To communicate with overseas scholars.(3)、What are the speakers mainly talking about?A、How to choose an office chair. B、How to prepare for an online meeting. C、How to improve Professor White's office.
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7、 听材料,回答问题。(1)、Where did the man most probably lose his phone?A、In a restaurant. B、At the workplace. C、On the underground.(2)、What will the man do before five o'clock?A、Meet the woman. B、Buy a new phone. C、Make a call to the bank.(3)、How does the man feel in the end?A、Surprised. B、Grateful. C、Doubtful.
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8、 听材料,回答问题。(1)、What did David do last night?A、He played volleyball. B、He watched television. C、He read the newspaper.(2)、What time will the match on Saturday afternoon start?A、At 2:30. B、At 3:00. C、At 3:30.(3)、What will Lisa do first?A、Talk with her mom. B、Give David a call. C、Take a piano lesson.
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9、 听材料,回答问题。(1)、What does Miyako want to do?A、Make a call. B、Send a card. C、Hold a party.(2)、What is the man doing?A、Making an apology. B、Giving an explanation. C、Sharing an experience.
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10、 What does the woman probably do?A、A doctor. B、A coach. C、An athlete.
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11、 Which room has the man finished decorating?A、The bathroom. B、The kitchen. C、The living room.
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12、 What is the relationship between the speakers?A、Teacher and student. B、Father and daughter. C、School friends.
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13、 How does the woman's food taste?A、Salty. B、Hot. C、Sweet.
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14、 When does the rainy season start?A、In January. B、In February. C、In November.
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15、 阅读下面材料,根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段,使之构成一篇完整的短文。
When I was in middle school, my social studies teacher asked me to enter a writing contest, I said no without thinking. I did not love writing. My family came from Brazil, so English was only my second language. Writing was so difficult and painful for me that my teacher had allowed me to present my paper on the sinking of the Titanic by acting out a play, where I played all the parts. No one laughed harder than he did.
So, why did he suddenly force me to do something at which I was sure to fail? His reply: "Because I love your stories. If you're willing to apply yourself, I think you have a good shot at this." Encouraged by his words, I agreed to give it a try.
I chose Paul Revere's horse as my subject. Paul Revere was a silversmith (银匠) in Boston who rode a horse at night on April 18, 1775 to Lexington to warn people that British soldiers were coming. My story would come straight from the horse's mouth. Not a brilliant idea, but funny, and unlikely to be anyone else's choice.
What did the horse think, as he sped through the night? Did he get tired? Have doubts? Did he want to quit? I sympathized immediately. I got tired. I had doubts. I wanted to quit. But, like Revere's horse, I kept going. I worked hard. I checked my spelling. I asked my older sister to correct my grammar. I checked out a half-dozen books on Paul Revere from the library. I even read a few of them.
When I handed in the essay to my teacher, he read it, laughed out loud and said, "Great. Now, write it again." I wrote it again, and again and again. When I finally finished it, the thought of winning had given way to the enjoyment of writing. If I didn't win, I wouldn't care.
注意:
1.续写词数应为 150 左右;
2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
A few weeks later, when I almost forgot the contest, there came the news.
……
I went to my teacher's office after the award presentation.
……
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16、 听材料,回答问题。(1)、What can visitors do at Science World?A、Do experiments. B、Experience space travel. C、Have a talk with scientists.(2)、When can visitors hear a talk about space travel?A、Next Monday. B、Next Wednesday. C、Next Saturday.(3)、What is next month's show about?A、Views. B、Parties. C、Computers.
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17、 听材料,回答问题。(1)、When was the man's flight scheduled to take off?A、At 7 a. m. B、At 9 a. m. C、At 11: 30 p. m.(2)、What did the man do after he missed the bus?A、He got to the airport by taxi. B、He stayed in a cafe for the night. C、He went back to the city by subway.(3)、Which of the following statements is true?A、The man missed his flight. B、The man changed his flight. C、The man was too early for his flight.(4)、What does the woman think of the man's trip?A、Exciting. B、Tiring. C、Adventurous.
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18、 听材料,回答问题。(1)、What is the conversation mainly about?A、The time spent online at work. B、The use of the Internet for work. C、The effect of time management online.(2)、Why does the man surf the Internet at work?A、To kill time. B、To help him relax. C、To talk with friends.(3)、What does the woman decide to do?A、Spend little time chatting online. B、Go on Facebook every day. C、Try to be more creative by browsing the Web.
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19、 听材料,回答问题。(1)、What is the good news the woman has got?A、They received the first shipment. B、Their company will be on the market. C、Their deal has been approved.(2)、Why would the woman set up a meeting?A、To arrange the task for the next week. B、To discuss the marketing plan. C、To meet some ad companies.(3)、Which way of advertising will the woman probably choose?A、TV. B、Radio. C、Brochures.
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20、 听材料,回答问题。(1)、How does the man find the Russian restaurant?A、It is too expensive. B、It is not easy to reach. C、The menu is too old.(2)、Why does the man prefer to eat at home?A、He's sick. B、He's a good cook. C、He can't stand eating out.