相关试卷
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1、阅读下面短文,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
Heads or Tails?
Careful: It's not 50-50
The phrase "coin toss" is a classic synonym for randomness. But since the 18th century, mathematicians have 1 that even fair coins tend to land on one side slightly more often than the other. Proving this tiny bias, 2 , would require hundreds of thousands of carefully recorded coin flips, making laboratory tests a logistical (后勤的,组织协调的) 3 .,
František Bartoš, currently a Ph.D. candidate studying the research methods of psychology at the University of Amsterdam, became interested in this 4 four years ago. He couldn't 5 enough volunteers to investigate it at first. But after he began his Ph.D. studies, he tried again, recruiting 47 volunteers from six countries. Multiple weekends of coin flipping later, including one 12-hour marathon 6 , the team performed 350,757 tosses, breaking the previous record of 40,000.
With one side initially upward, the flipped coin landed with the same side facing 7 as before the toss 50.8 percent of the time. The large number of throws allows 8 to conclude that the nearly 1 percent bias isn't a fluke (侥幸). "We can be quite sure there is a bias in coin flips after this data set," Bartoš says.
The leading theory explaining the 9 advantage comes from a 2007 physics study by Stanford University statisticians, whose calculations predicted a same-side bias of 51 percent. From the moment a coin is launched into the air, its entire track — including whether it lands on heads or tails — can be calculated by the laws of 10 . The researchers determined that airborne coins don't turn around their symmetrical axis (对称轴); 11 , they tend to move off-center, which causes them to spend a little more time high in the air with their initial "up" side on top.
For day-to-day decisions, coin tosses are as good as random because a 1 percent bias isn't 12 with just a few coin flips, says statistician Ameli, who wasn't involved in the new research. Still, the study's conclusions should eliminate any lasting doubt regarding the coin flip's slight bias. "This is great experiment-based evidence 13 the bias," she says.
It isn't difficult to prevent this bias from influencing your coin-toss matches; simply 14 the coin's starting position before flipping it should do the trick. But if your friends are 15 the tiny bias, you may as well benefit from your slight advantage. After all, 51 percent odds beat a casino's house advantage. "If you asked me to bet on a coin," Bartoš says, "why wouldn't I give myself a 1 percent bias?"
(1)A 、confirmed B 、denied C 、recorded D 、suspected(2)A 、therefore B 、however C 、for example D 、vice versa(3)A 、nightmare B 、context C 、intervention D 、delay(4)A 、coinage B 、discipline C 、challenge D 、phrase(5)A 、cooperate with B 、round up C 、shrug aside D 、count on(6)A 、analysis B 、race C 、interview D 、session(7)A 、upward B 、evenly C 、downward D 、uniformly(8)A 、volunteers B 、gamblers C 、psychologists D 、statisticians(9)A 、accidental B 、dominant C 、subtle D 、prejudiced(10)A 、mechanics B 、relativity C 、geometry D 、chemistry(11)A 、moreover B 、instead C 、likewise D 、initially(12)A 、insignificant B 、accessible C 、inclusive D 、perceptible(13)A 、reversing B 、integrating with C 、backing up D 、rejecting(14)A 、concealing B 、shifting C 、perceiving D 、anchoring(15)A 、favourable to B 、opposed to C 、unaware of D 、suspicious of -
2、阅读下面短文,从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Art Builds Understanding
Despite the long history of scholarship on experiences of art, researchers have yet to capture and understand the most meaningful aspects of such experiences, including the thoughts and insights we gain when we visit a museum, the sense of encounter after seeing a meaningful work of art, or the changed thinking after experiences with art. These powerful encounters can be inspiring, uplifting, and contribute to well-being and flourishing.
It contributes to facilitating a better understanding of ourselves, the human condition, and moral and spiritual concepts. The question is how that happens — what are the attributes of meaningful experiences of art?
According to the mirror model of art developed by Pablo P. L. Tinio, aesthetic reception corresponds to artistic creation in a mirror-reversed fashion. Artists aim to express ideas and messages about the human condition or the world at large. This results in the build-up of layers of materials — from initial studies and sketches to the final, refined piece. A viewer's initial interaction with an artwork starts where the artist has left off. Their interaction first involves the processing surface features, such as color, texture, and the finishing touches applied by the artist during the final stages of the creative process. .
In addition, art making and art viewing are connected by creative thinking. Research in a lab at Yale University shows that an educational program that uses art appreciation activities builds creative thinking skills. It showed that the more time visitors spent engaging with art and the more they reflected on it, the greater the correspondence with the artists' intentions and ideas. .
Correspondence in feeling and thinking suggests a transfer — between creator and viewer — of ideas, concepts, and emotions contained in the works of art. Art has the potential to communicate across space and time. What it takes for this to happen is active engagement with art in contexts that facilitate this engagement, especially museums.
A.The viewers gain a new perspective on the story.
B.The theory of aesthetic cognitivism describes the value of art.
C.This helps to create connections and insights that otherwise would not happen.
D.To do so, they explore key ideas and continually expand them as they develop their work.
E.After spending more time with the work, the viewer begins to access the ideas of the artist.
F.For example, in one activity, people are asked to view a work of art from different perspectives.
G.Participants were more original in their thinking when compared to those who did not take part in the program.
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3、阅读下列短文,从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中,选出最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
Those who had the pleasure of watching Benny Goodman at work saw a rather ordinary-looking man in rimless glasses and a conservative business suit; but they also saw a human being who could play the clarinet (单簧管) like no one before or since. This made Benny Goodman a unique individual.
Other Americans who have stood out from the flock include Joe DiMaggio, Beverly Sill, Ernest Hemingway and Jonas Salk. They, like Benny Goodman, were recognized and honored for no other reason than excellence.
It is doing something better than other people that makes us unique. Yet a surprising number of people still see individuality as a surface thing. They wear garish clothes, dye their hair strange colors and decorate their skin with tattoos to make some kind of social statement. But an ordinary guy who has dyed his hair purple or orange is nothing more than the same person with a funny-looking head.
The whole purpose of individuality is excellence. Those who invent, who improvise (即兴发挥), who know more about a subject than other people do, and who take something that doesn't work and make it work—these people are the very soul of capitalism.
Charles Kettering didn't like the idea of cranking a car to make it start, so he invented the electric starter. Henry Ford figured out the assembly-line technique and made it possible to mass-produce automobiles, and Elisha Otis, inventor of the elevator, indirectly created the city sky-line. These people understood that individualism means working at the top of one's capacity.
The ones with the purple hair and the funky jewelry are just along for the ride, trying to be "different" and not knowing how to go about it.
The student who earns straight A's on his report card has grasped the idea and has found the real meaning of individuality. So has the youngster who has designed his own spaceship, who gives piano recitals, who paints pictures of the world around him.
Benny Goodman understood it too. This is why he was at his best, blowing his clarinet, in a blue suit and black shoes.
(1)、The author mentions the appearance of Benny Goodman to ____.A、show what a talented musician should look like B、introduce an important figure in the musical world C、contrast with his talent in music performance D、indicate that he can't stand out from the flock(2)、The author would most probably agree that ____.A、an individualist tends to seek difference both in character and appearance B、the essence of individualism lies in pursuing excellence to the full C、being different in appearance is the very first step to being individual D、those who strive to win the recognition of others are real individualists(3)、According to the passage, which individual's actions may not truly embody the essence of individualism?A、A scientist who conducts research solely advancing knowledge for the greater good rather than for personal recognition. B、A social media influencer who conforms to popular opinions to maintain a large following. C、An artist who creates unique works but fail to gain fame and recognition from others. D、An entrepreneur who prioritizes ethical considerations over profit in his business practices.(4)、For the main thread, the article is organized by way of ____.A、specific to general B、cause and effect C、examples and conclusion D、comparison and contrast -
4、阅读下列短文,从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中,选出最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
"Assume you are wrong." The advice came from Brian Nosek, a psychology professor, who was offering a strategy for pursuing better science.
To understand the context for Nosek's advice, we need to take a step back to the nature of science itself. You see despite what many of us learned in elementary school, there is no single scientific method. Just as scientific theories become elaborated and change, so do scientific methods.
But methodological reform hasn't come without some fretting and friction. Nasty things have been said by and about methodological reformers. Few people like having the value of their life's work called into question. On the other side, few people are good at voicing criticisms in kind and constructive ways. So, part of the challenge is figuring out how to bake critical self-reflection into the culture of science itself, so it unfolds as a welcome and integrated part of the process, and not an embarrassing sideshow.
What Nosek recommended was a strategy for changing the way we offer and respond to critique. Assuming you are right might be a motivating force, sustaining the enormous effort that conducting scientific work requires. But it also makes it easy to interpret criticisms as personal attacks. Beginning, instead, from the assumption you are wrong, a criticism is easier to interpret as a constructive suggestion for how to be less wrong—a goal that your critic presumably shares.
One worry about this approach is that it could be demoralizing for scientists. Striving to be less wrong might be a less effective motivation than the promise of being right. Another concern is that a strategy that works well within science could backfire when it comes to communicating science with the public. Without an appreciation for how science works, it's easy to take uncertainty or disagreements as marks against science, when in fact they reflect some of the very features of science that make it our best approach to reaching reliable conclusions about the world. Science is reliable because it responds to evidence: as the quantity and quality of our evidence improves, our theories can and should change, too.
Despite these worries, I like Nosek's suggestion because it builds in cognitive humility along with a sense that we can do better. It also builds in a sense of community—we're all in the same boat when it comes to falling short of getting things right.
Unfortunately, this still leaves us with an untested hypothesis (假说): that assuming one is wrong can change community norms for the better, and ultimately support better science and even, perhaps, better decisions in life. I don't know if that's true. In fact, I should probably assume that it's wrong. But with the benefit of the scientific community and our best methodological tools, I hope we can get it less wrong, together.
(1)、What can we learn from Paragraph 3?A、Reformers tend to devalue researchers' work. B、Scientists are unwilling to express kind criticisms. C、People hold wrong assumptions about the culture of science. D、The scientific community should practice critical self-reflection.(2)、The strategy of "assuming you are wrong" may contribute to ____.A、the enormous efforts of scientists at work B、the reliability of potential research results C、the public's passion for scientific findings D、the improvement in the quality of evidence(3)、The underlined word "demoralizing" in Paragraph 5 means ____.A、discouraging B、ineffective C、unfair D、misleading(4)、The tone the author uses in talking about the untested hypothesis is ____.A、doubtful but sincere B、disapproving but soft C、authoritative and direct D、reflective and humorous -
5、阅读下列短文,从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中,选出最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
At my first lesson in Chinese calligraphy, my teacher told me plainly: "Now I will teach you how to write your name. And to make it beautiful." I felt my breath catch. I was curious.
Growing up in Singapore, I had an unusual relationship with my Chinese name. My parents are ethnically Chinese, so they asked fortune tellers to decide my name, aiming for maximum luck. As a result, I ended up with a nonsense and embarrassing name: Chen Yiwen, meaning, roughly, "old", "barley (薏米) "and "warm".
When I arrived in America for college at 18, I put on an American accent and abandoned my Chinese name. When I moved to Hong Kong in 2021, after 14 years in the States, I decided to learn calligraphy. Why not get back in touch with my heritage? I thought.
In calligraphy, the idea is to copy the old masters' techniques, thereby refining your own. Every week, though, my teacher would give uncomfortably on-the-nose assessments of my person. "You need to be braver," he once observed. "Have confidence. Try to produce a bold stroke (笔画)." For years, I had prided myself on presenting an image of confidence, but my writing betrayed me.
I was trying to make sense of this practice. You must visualize the word as it is to be written and leave a trace of yourself in it. As a bodily practice, calligraphy could go beyond its own cultural restrictions. Could it help me go beyond mine? My teacher once said to me, "When you look at the word, you see the body. Though a word on the page is two-dimensional, it contains multitudes, conveying the force you've applied, the energy of your grip, the arch of your spine." I had been learning calligraphy to get in touch with my cultural roots, but what I was really seeking was a return to myself. Now I have sensed that the pleasure out of calligraphy allows me to know myself more fully.
During a recent lesson, my teacher pointed at the word I had just finished, telling me: "This word is much better. I can see the choices you made, your calculations, your flow. Trust yourself. This word is yours." He might as well have said, "This word is you."
(1)、What did the author initially think of her name "Chen Yiwen"?A、It was lucky so she gladly accepted it. B、She felt proud of its symbolic meaning. C、She understood the intention but still disliked it. D、Its strange pronunciation made her embarrassed.(2)、The author decided to learn calligraphy to ____.A、pick up a new hobby B、reconnect with her origin C、gain insights into a new culture D、fit in with the local community(3)、From the teacher's words, the author learns that calligraphy ____.A、reflects the creator's spirits B、comes from creative energy C、highlights the design of strokes D、depends on continuous practice(4)、What does the author intend to tell us?A、Appreciate what our culture offers. B、Find beauty from your inner self. C、A great teacher leads you to truth. D、We are the sum of what we create. -
6、阅读下列短文,从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中,选出最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
With all the dietary information online, it can be hard to know what tips to follow. Watch out for these words and expressions.
Fat Is Good
It doesn't matter if you are part of the fat is GOOD for you or BAD for you group, the important question to ask is the source of the fat. If it comes from a land-based animal, and is likely to be solid at room temperature, then it is saturated (饱和的) fat whereas if it comes from fish or plants, and it is likely to be liquid at room temperature, then it is unsaturated fat. All the evidence indicates that eating more unsaturated fat than saturated fat lowers your risk of dying early.
Natural Sugar Is Better
The vast majority of sugar we consume is sucrose (蔗糖). It is the white powdered stuff we cook with and is made up of glucose and fructose. How about sugar from honey? It is often marketed as natural and better for you. Actually, it just has its own distinct flavour, but is as sweet because of glucose and fructose.
High-pH Water
Some people think we need to eat alkali (碱) food to maintain our blood at a pH of 7.4. But everything we eat or drink passes through the stomach, which, at a pH of 1.5, is the most acidic part of the body. It is then neutralised to a pH of 7. So, nothing we eat will change the pH of our blood.
Don't Eat Anything That You Can't Pronounce
Whether foods are natural or highly processed, they are all full of chemicals. Are you supposed to fear "phenylthiocarbamide", because you can't pronounce it? This is simply the chemical responsible for the bitter taste found in brassicas, the plants in the cabbage and mustard family.
Don't Eat Food With More Than Five Ingredients(佐料)
Simple foods are not necessarily healthier for you. If I, for instance, use Chinese five spice powder in a recipe, that would count as one of the five ingredients. However, what if I added the typical components of five spice powder separately into a dish? Does that mean my recipe suddenly becomes bad because it has more than five ingredients?
(1)、According to the passage, healthier fat ____.A、can be found in fish and plants B、comes from land-based animals C、remains solid at room temperature D、can lower the death rate of elders(2)、The passage suggests that ____.A、diets can help adjust the pH of our blood B、honey sugar can do more good than sucrose C、foods with more ingredients may be as healthy D、chemicals we can recognize are safer to take in(3)、What is the main purpose of the passage?A、To compare tips on food choices. B、To introduce different health concepts. C、To recommend fitness recipes to readers. D、To warn us of some dietary misunderstandings. -
7、听材料,回答问题。(1)、What do the words "this trap" in the first paragraph refer to?A、Having a racial bias. B、Responding to wrong texts. C、Criticizing political figures.(2)、What does Ethan Mollick think of Gemini's early launch?A、Creative. B、Promising. C、Controversial.(3)、What can we infer about Google from the last paragraph?A、Its employees are irresponsible. B、It needs further improvement. C、Its security is doubted.
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8、听材料,回答问题。(1)、How many nights is the man going to stay at the hotel?A、One night. B、Two nights. C、Four nights.(2)、What time is it now?A、6:30 pm. B、10:00 pm. C、10:45 pm.(3)、What is on the 14th floor?A、A gym. B、A restaurant. C、A swimming pool.(4)、What does the woman tell the man about breakfast in the end?A、How good it is. B、How much to pay for it. C、Where and how long it is.
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9、听材料,回答问题。(1)、Why are the two speakers upset?A、It may snow during their vacation. B、They may not be able to take their vacation. C、They may fail to join the graduation ceremony.(2)、Why can we learn about their vacation?A、They are going skiing. B、They have made bookings for their plane. C、Their flight has been cancelled.(3)、What made them miss so many classes?A、The earthquake. B、The bad winter. C、A terrible flu.(4)、What are they going to do right now?A、Talk to Professor Hampton. B、Speak to all of the other people. C、Call the travel agency.
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10、听材料,回答问题。(1)、Where are the speakers probably?A、On a game show. B、In a spaceship. C、In a bank.(2)、Who was the first woman in space?A、Anna Edison. B、SallyK. Ride. C、Valentina Tereshkova.
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11、听材料,回答问题。(1)、What do we know about Mr Bannister?A、He is new to the company. B、He works on the trade deal. C、He is not experienced enough.(2)、Who do the speakers think is suitable for the position?A、Mr Duncan. B、Mrs Templeton. C、Amelia.
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12、What does the woman ask the man to do?A、Bring a gift. B、Return something. C、Have dinner.
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13、What does the man mean?A、A cold drink can be relaxing. B、Scott and Tina like to play jokes on each other. C、Humor can be helpful in embarrassing situations.
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14、What are the speakers mainly discussing?A、How customers could be best served. B、What kind of stores can offer lower prices. C、Whether online stores will replace high-street stores.
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15、What does the man think of the party?A、He doesn't like the party. B、He hates to prepare for the party. C、It is worthwhile to prepare for the party.
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16、How might the woman feel?A、Uneasy. B、Disappointed. C、Unconcerned.
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17、 阅读下面材料,根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段,使之构成一篇完整的短文。
I used to be very shy and often felt lonely. Although I did well in all academic subjects, I was afraid of physical education. Even kids in the neighborhood would laugh at me that my feet couldn't leave the ground when I ran. Their words embarrassed me. At school, whenever the teacher organized some competitive games, no one in the class would choose me as their partner or teammate. As a result, I often ended up looking at others enjoy their games.
Things would go on like that if it was not for a sports meet in my middle school. By mistake, my name was put on the list of women's 1,500 meters race. By the time I knew it, it was too late to change.
In despair, I asked Mary, my deskmate who just moved to our neighborhood with her parents and was assigned to our class, whether she could help me. She declined, "Sorry, I couldn't run that race in your place. I have already signed up for the same event."
I nearly broke down. 1,500 meters! Running against the best runners in front of the whole school! It would be the worst thing I'd ever dreamed of!
"Don't worry," Mary said, patting me on my shoulder. "You still have time to catch up because there is about one month before the sports meet starts. Besides, it is cool to run for our class!"
I knew this was not just for myself, but for my class. But to me, running 1,500 meters was like climbing Mount Everest for an inexperienced climber. I even had no idea how to start my preparation.
"I have an idea," she said as if she could read my mind. "We can do training together each afternoon after class."
During the training, whenever I wanted to give up, I would see Mary running right beside me or cheering for me by the tracks. Her kindness never failed to give me the strength to go ahead.
注意:1. 续写词数应为150个左右;2. 请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
Time flew by and the big day arrived.
……
Just then, I heard Mary calling my name.
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18、 假定你是李华,你市最大的旅游公司将首次在本周日举办"美食地图"(Mouth-watering Food Map)活动,请你给你的外国朋友Mike写一邮件。内容包括:1. 介绍活动创意及目的;2. 邀请他参加。
注意:1. 写作词数应为80个左右;2. 可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。
Dear Mike,
……
Looking forward to your early reply!
Yours,
Li Hua
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19、 阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Thundering drums, yelling crowds and energetic, boatmen, such scenes of excitement (be) not rare across China on Duanwu, or Dragon Boat Festival, falls on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month each year.
Although tales of its origin differ, the two-thousand-year-old festival is widely celebrated memory of Qu Yuan, a great poet during the Warring States Period (475—221 BC).
When Qu realized his country's decline was beyond recovery, he became so unhappy that he killed (he) on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month. Legend has it that the (local) rowed boats to save the poet and threw zongzi, or sticky rice dumplings, into the river to keep fish from eating his body. tradition was passed down in China and even traveled across borders.
A host of other practices are also associated with Duanwu. The fifth day of the fifth month is considered unlucky and (poison). To drive away the bad luck, many people, (especial) those in South China, take herbal baths and hang special plants over their doors. Some people even wear little bags (stuff) with Chinese herbs, all with nice smells, (scare) away the bad spirits.
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20、 阅读下面短文,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
When Karl Goldstein was a kid, he took piano lessons every Saturday morning with a family friend. But when Goldstein was 12, his teacher told his 1 that he needed better instruction. So his mother took him to a music school, and 2 for classes taught by Alice Shapiro who was known for being 3 . On the first day, she told Goldstein that he had to memorize the 4 of the Beethoven Sonata within a week.
"Well, I don't think I can do that," Goldstein hesitated.
"But you must do it," the teacher said 5 .
This was nothing like his 6 Saturday mornings with his former teacher, and it wasn't 7 before Goldstein decided that he didn't want to take piano lessons anymore. He 8 he'd pick up another instrument, or maybe just 9 himself the piano after the semester.
But a few words of encouragement from the music teacher changed Goldstein's 10 . One day, Shapiro turned to him and said something 11 , "I am really happy that you have made remarkable progress within such a short time! I am sure you're not going to 12 ."
The encouragement transformed their relationship 13 and it was the beginning of a long and 14 relationship.
"Years later, I became a piano teacher and that's what I've been doing for the past 50 years. I 15 it all to the precious moment with my seemingly tough teacher, Alice Shapiro."
(1)A 、 students B 、 colleagues C 、 children D 、 parents(2)A 、 dropped in B 、 signed up C 、 rushed out D 、 packed up(3)A 、 tough B 、 kind C 、 generous D 、 selfish(4)A 、 vocabulary B 、 brochure C 、 music D 、 address(5)A 、 sharply B 、 carelessly C 、 gently D 、 patiently(6)A 、 cold B 、 lighthearted C 、 short D 、 unpleasant(7)A 、 easy B 、 acceptable C 、 long D 、 affordable(8)A 、 realized B 、 acknowledged C 、 pretended D 、 figured(9)A 、 buy B 、 teach C 、 give D 、 tell(10)A 、 mind B 、 habit C 、 tune D 、 goal(11)A 、 amusing B 、 alarming C 、 surprising D 、 annoying(12)A 、 argue B 、 cry C 、 run D 、 stop(13)A 、 occasionally B 、 magically C 、 unwillingly D 、 eagerly(14)A 、 fruitful B 、 difficult C 、 romantic D 、 distant(15)A 、 refer B 、 prefer C 、 owe D 、 bring