相关试卷

1、Nobel committees recognized the transformative power of artificial intelligence (AI) in two of the prizes for 2024 — honoring pioneers of neural (神经系统的) networks in the physics prize, and the developers of computational tools to study and design proteins in the chemistry prize. But not all researchers are happy.

Several physicists argued that the science underlying machine learning was not actually physics. "I like machine learning and artificial neural networks as much as the next person, but it's hard to see that this is a physics discovery." Jonathan Pritchard, an astrophysicist at Imperial College London.

Not everyone was troubled, however. "Hopfield and Hinton's research brought together physics, math, computer science and neuroscience," said Matt Strassler, a theoretical physicist at Harvard University, "In that sense, it belongs to all of these fields." Anil Ananthaswamy, a science writer based in Berkeley, pointed out that although the research cited by the Nobel committee might not be theoretical physics in the purest sense, it is rooted in techniques and concepts from physics, such as energy. But Anil also added, the connection with physics became more delicate in upcoming developments in machine learning, particularly in techniques that made neural networks easier to train.

Computer science seemed to be completing its Nobel takeover the day after the physics prize announcement, when Demis Hassabis and John Jumper won half of the chemistry Nobel. The prize was a recognition of the innovative force of AI, but also of the steady gathering of knowledge in structural and computational biology. "It wasn't just that we went to work, pressed the AI button, and then all went home," Jumper said. "It was really an iterative (迭代的) process where we developed, we did research, we tried to find the right kind of combinations between what the community understood about proteins and how we build those insights into our architecture."

Since they were first awarded in 1901, the Nobels have often highlighted the impact of research on society, and have rewarded practical inventions, not only pure science. In this respect, this year's prizes are not outliers.

2、The negative nature of peer pressure (同伴压力) is often presented without question. The undesirable effect of peer pressure cannot be denied, but is it also possible that peer pressure might not entirely deserve its bad reputation? Could peer pressure also have positive effects on the personal development and behavior of young people? A look at the scientific literature reveals exactly that peer pressure is not always a force for the dark side.

Many studies suggest that peer pressure and the desire to conform (顺从) are simply a part of being human. Humans, after all, are highly social beings. If humans are hard-wired to respond to peer pressure, then it makes sense to examine how it can be used to change behavior in a positive way. Imagine a situation: student X has always enjoyed playing the guitar but is lazy and unmotivated. Although initially unwilling, she is persuaded to join a school band. The group of students is preparing for a performance and the existing members are enthusiastic, focused and hardworking. Gradually, student X is caught up in the spirit of the band and before long she is willingly making the same commitment of time and effort so they can achieve a common goal.

So how does it work? Peer pressure - both positive and negative - follows a recognizable psychological process. If student X does not inform to the established culture of the band, she risks rejection. To dispel tension, student X changes her habits and increases the amount of time and energy she devotes to practice. Some psychologists describe this transposition of personal goals or standards to achieve harmony as part of a "identity shift".

The key to understanding the concept of peer pressure and its power over humans is to closely examine the science of the process, rather than focus on its negative aspects. Providing a one-dimensional view of the concept encourages the bias (偏见) that peer pressure is a strictly undesirable feature of human society. Instead, we should be exploring way to use its power for good.

3、With a full career in both politics and business, Hiram Fong never set out to develop one of Oahu's most impressive horticulture (园艺) attractions. Fong, whose political career lasted over thirty years, was one of the first two senators (参议员) from Hawaii when it became a state in 1959 and the first Asian American to serve in the US Senate. Before working in politics, Fong paid his own way through Harvard Law School and, upon graduating helped found and run a law firm. Fong eventually led several companies, all the while, gardening was his escape.

In 1950, Fong purchased more than 700 acres of land on Oahu, above Kaneohe Bay. Wanting to experiment with growing fruit, he planted banana, then papaya, lemon, jackfruit, and avocado. By also choosing to plant crops such as bamboo, coconut, betel nut, and turmeric, he broadened the types of plants in his garden and developed a landscape reminding people of Hawaii hundreds of years ago.

After he retired from politics in 1977, Fong continued to be in charge of his companies, but he focused on gardening, personally importing and planting countless species of plants. Eventually, he divided his land into five gardens, each one named after a US president who had served while Fong was a senator. The Eisenhower Plateau is dedicated to native Chinese plants, such as the Hong Kong orchid tree and the Java plum. The Johnson Plateau features foreign fruits. Kennedy Valley supports ginger and palms from all over the world. Nixon Valley abounds with flowers while the Ford Plateau highlights hillsides of pili grasses.

The preserve is now named Senator Fong's Plantation and Gardens, complete with a visitors' center and guided tours. Until his death in 2004 at ninety-seven. Fong spent every weekend tending to his flowers and trees and associating with visitors. He considered gardening a contributing reason for his long and healthy life.

4、What is a GPA?

A GPA, or Grade Point Average, typically ranging from one to four, is a number reflecting your course performance on average. It's used by universities to determine whether students meet academic standards and by students to enhance job prospects or secure admission into post-graduate programs.

How to calculate a GPA?

● Determine the letter grade and the number of credit hours for each course you take in a term;

● Translate the letter grade to grade points using your school's grading system;

● Multiply the grade points by the credit hours for that course;

● Add up all the credit hours for the courses;

● Divide the total number of grade points by the total credit hours and you get the GPA.

Example: Academic Transcript of Jane Smith                    Winter 2023
Courses	Letter Grade	Grade points	Credit hours	Total points	GPA
Creative Writing	A+	4.0	3	12	-
Psychology	A-	3.7	3	11.1	-
History	B+	3.3	3	9.9	-
Computer Science	F	0.0	2	0	-
Total	-	-	11	33

What are the consequences of failing college courses?

● Every failing grade (F) significantly impacts your GPA for that academic year, limiting clubs, organizations and program choices, as competitive programs require top GPAs.

● Most financial aid programs require a specific GPA. A sharp drop in GPA due to several course failures may lead to withdrawal from financial aid programs, unless you retake the courses and pass.

● For college athletes on sports scholarships, failing courses repeatedly can lead to losing scholarships and team sports.

● Failing multiple courses can result in school removal and affect future applications.

5、假设你是李华，你的新西兰笔友Charlotte所在高中即将举办有关中国的文化周，她的小组负责策划一项主题为"探寻中国文字"的活动，写信征询你的建议。请给她回一封信，内容包括：

1. 建议的具体活动及理由；

2. 表达鼓励与祝愿。

注意：

1. 写作词数应为80个左右；

2. 请按如下格式在答题纸的相应位置作答。

Dear Charlotte,

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Yours.

Li Hua

6、They also hope to further educate people about the importance of safeguarding (历史和文化遗产) for future generations to understand and appreciate. (根据汉语提示完成句子)

7、Experts investigated the issue, conducted several tests, and then (提出建议) for how the buildings could be saved. (根据汉语提示完成句子)

8、The group asked for contributions from different departments and (筹集资金) within the international community. (根据汉语提示完成句子)

9、There comes a time when the old must (让步)the new, and it is not possible to preserve everything from our past as we move towards the future. (根据汉语提示完成句子)

10、The crowd (欢呼) and the drunk bowed. (根据汉语提示完成句子)

11、 criticism (对……非常敏感), the bull forgot all about the matador and charged at the drunk. (根据汉语提示完成句子)

12、The crowd began to shout, but the drunk was the danger (没有意识到危险) 。(根据汉语提示完成句子)

13、The examiner must with my performance (对我的表现很满意). (根据汉语提示完成句子)

14、As soon as I (敲车窗), you must stop within five feet. (根据汉语提示完成句子)

15、After having been instructed to (驶出城镇), I began to acquire confidence. (根据汉语提示完成句子)

16、Charlie and grandpa Joe both (伸长脖子) to read what it said on the little level beside the button. (根据汉语提示完成句子)

17、The elevator stopped. It stopped and hung in midair, (像一架直升飞机盘悬着), hovering over the factory and over the very town itself, which lay spread out below them like a picture postcard. (根据汉语提示完成句子)

18、And through the glass walls of the lift, as it rushed along, they (瞥到了) strange and wonderful things going on in some of the other rooms. (根据汉语提示完成句子)

19、 (尖叫的笑声) and snatches of singing could be heard coming through the closed door. (根据汉语提示完成句子)

20、Mr Wonka (打了个响指), and ten Oompa-Loompas appeared immediately at his side. (根据汉语提示完成句子)