相关试卷

The sleep cycle during our deepest sleep lasts for several minutes, but in birds, it lasts hardly 10 seconds; they will keep one part of their brain awake, which you might notice when a bird has one eye open. This will allow birds to run away from a hunt at a moment's notice, even when they're in the middle of a sleep.

To fall asleep, a bird's body goes through a series of changes, one of which is that the muscles lose their hardness, which happens as a main result of reduced brain control of muscle movement. To stand perfectly balanced on a branch while the muscles become weak isn't easy. Anyone who has tried to sleep while standing on a train would know this. So when a bird lowers itself, its talons (爪子) automatically and involuntarily bend and hold on tightly to the branch, and until the leg is straightened, the talons will not relax. The key behind this mechanism (机制) is the bird's flexor tendons (屈肌腱) that connect muscles to bones. The flexor tendon stretches, thus bending the bird's toes.

But a recent paper found that sleeping European starlings (a common bird found in North America and Europe) don't use the mechanism. The researchers observed that the birds bent their knees only slightly, not enough for the mechanism to kick into action. The toes, as a result, were largely unbent, and the birds balanced on the central part of their feet while they slept.

"Birds are varied and unique, exhibiting different bodies, physiologies, and behaviors depending on which species, genus, or family one studies. Sleep cycles differ just as widely. While we may not know the whole story yet, there is no denying that it is remarkable that birds manage this balancing act daily!" said Salama, who has a degree in life sciences and biochemistry from St. Xavier's College, Mumbai.

Study lead author Julia Wolfson, associate professor in the Department of International Health at the Bloomberg School, and her co-authors wanted to test how labeling climate change impacts of fast food menu items might lead people to choose less red meat. Eating too much red meat has been linked to many health problems. Eating less red meat would also help lower greenhouse gas emissions (排放).

More than 5,000 participants were shown a sample menu and asked to choose a single item for dinner. One group of participants received a menu with non-red meat items such as chicken sandwiches labeled "low climate impact". Another group received a menu with red meat items— burgers labeled "high climate impact". A third control group received menus without climate labels.

Both the high and low climate impact labels markedly reduced red meat choices compared to the control group. Menus with a high climate impact label on burgers increased non-beef choices by 23 percent compared to the control group. Menus that included low climate impact labels increased non-beef choices, such as a chicken sandwich or a salad, by about 10 percent more participants than those in the control group. "These results suggest that menu labeling, particularly labels warning that an item has high climate impact, can be an effective strategy for encouraging more sustainable (可持续的) food choices in a fast food setting," says Wolfson.

While encouraging on the whole, the results suggest that positive "low climate impact" labels are less effective in encouraging sustainable food choices compared to "high climate impact" labels. At the same time, climate labels may have the unwanted side effect of making a choice seem healthier than it actually is.

"An undeserved health halo (光环) given to unhealthy menu items could encourage people to overeat them," Wolfson says. "So we have to look for labeling strategies that create ‘win-wins' for encouraging both more sustainable and healthy choices."

Reflecting on her experiences, Vij, now an 18-year-old freshman at the University of California, Irvine, shared with PEOPLE, "Food is a major, big, important way to communicate with people." That is exactly what motivated her to teach herself by experimenting with new recipes each week and preparing them for others, and still in high school, she authored her cookbook, Bake Away, which is available at several stores.

Vij is donating all of her author proceeds (收入) to the non-profit No Kid Hungry. For every $1 donated, No Kid Hungry serves 10 meals. "You need to eat," she says. "You need to eat breakfast, you need to eat lunch, and you need to fuel your body, especially while you're learning." If her first printing run sells out, Vij hopes to provide kids with about 700,000 meals. "As many as possible," she says. "It feels like a necessity to me."

On Father's Day, Vij presented a copy of her book to Thomas Keller, a chef at The French Laundry, who commented on her website by saying, "Whenever I encounter creative blocks or picky diners, I always think of the book, which even perfectly bridges culinary (烹饪的) innovation and charity, giving me hope for the future."

Vij hopes to make a global impact through her cooking, with plans to earn an MBA after college and open her own restaurant, where she intends to donate part of the proceeds to No Kid Hungry. Vij says, "I hope that I can inspire others to keep creating and continue to cook and share what I've made with other people."

Rizzoli Bookstore

Address: 1133 Broadway

This bookstore has been around for over 50 years, which specializes in illustrated books on architecture, interior design, fashion, photography, cookery, and the fine and applied arts. At Rizzoli, you will also find frequent events happening in the store with various authors coming in to talk about their works. Be sure to check out Rizzoli Bookstore for more information about upcoming events.

Alabaster Bookshop

Address: 122 4th Ave

This is one of the smallest bookshops you will find in the area. The shelves are lined with a variety of used and rare books for your choosing. Outside of the shop, you will find several baskets filled with $2 books to browse(浏览) through in addition to everything else in the shop itself.

Housing Works Bookstore

Address: 126 Crosby Street

This bookstore is a different type of bookstore that you will come across in Manhattan. All books within the store have been donated, and the staff is almost made up of volunteers. The mission of Housing Works Bookstore is to end the crisis of homelessness, and the bookstore earnings are the main way in which it helps achieve that mission.

Strand Bookstore

Address: 828 Broadway at 12th Street

Within the Strand Bookstore, you will find over 2.5 million books covering a wide variety of topics. I have a hard time believing you won't find a book that you want to bring home after visiting the store. And if you would like to sell some of your own books, Strand has a buying desk that is open from Thursday to Saturday (10AM-2PM).

"I should be studying for my mid- term exams," I thought, "not lying here in bed. But my strange illness made me come back home from school in the middle of the term. Now, I have to wait for a specialist who can't see me until the end of the month."

I had been so positive about getting answers for my muscle weakness, but I wok e up with my feelings just as heavy as my body. I started doubting the hope I was holding on to. At this point, I had been lying in bed for two months with no improvement.

I was falling in and out of sleep when I heard a knock at the door. It was a nurse. After I had fainted (昏厥) from tiredness at the doctor's office a month earlier, he decided I was too weak to leave my house, so he ordered in- home care. But it was a Friday night. Nurses never came this late.

My mom walked the nurse upstairs to my bedroom. She looked very concerned.

"Hi, Alyssa, I'm Grace," she said. "I saw your blood work, and your numbers are all over the place. We need to get you into a hospital soon. You know what? My brother worked at a medical center. I'll get you an appointment there first thing Monday morning.

Up until this point, doctors had been telling me that I was stressed and just needed rest, or that something was so wrong that life as I knew would never be the same. What I needed was someone to know that I was living in a very dark place, and to shine some light into my situation. Thank Grace for her appearance.

On Saturday morning, we arrived at the medical center. Because of Grace, my name was in their system and I was agreed to be checked in and seen by their doctors.

The doctors immediately diagnosed (诊断) me with the muscle disease called myasthenia gravis (重症肌无力). They found all of this and more.

注意：

1.续写词数应为150个左右；

2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。

They not only diagnosed me correctly, but also treated me very well.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

I went to see Grace before I left hospital.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________