相关试卷

1、Understanding a simple-looking English sentence such as "I read this article yesterday" actually requires some complicated conceptual computation: a subject ("T") performed an action ("read") on an object ("article") at a specific time ("yesterday"). But the human brain routinely does this work nearly at once based on the language's grammatical rules, says linguist Andrea E. Martin. And Martin's team has now found that the human brain can accommodate fundamental grammatical differences across languages by adjusting how it processes each sentence.

For a recent study in PLOS Biology, the researchers observed variations in Dutch-speaking participants' brain waves while they listened to a Dutch-language audiobook. To visualize these changes, the scientists used a metric (指标) quantifying how many new "predictions" the brain makes of words that could come next in a sentence. This framework was then tested against three different parsing (语法分析的) strategies, or linguistic models that illustrate how the brain builds information over time.

Previous English-based studies with a similar setup concluded in favor of a model where listeners "wait and see" how each phrase in a sentence will end before interpreting it. But the Dutch speakers in Martin's study leaned strongly toward a highly predictive model; participants tended to finish each phrase in their head preemptively before it was complete. (A third model, in which listeners wait to hear all of the phrases in a sentence before interpreting any part of it, is seldom used in either language.)

In Dutch language structure, verbs come near the end of a sentence rather than immediately after the subject like they do in English, while in Korean, the subject is usually left out and in Arabic verbs often come first. So flexibility is vital in processing different languages simply because they have different properties.

The findings support the need for scientists to include more diversity when crafting linguistic models. "This is going to help us capture how the brain is understanding the structured meaning of language, and the social application of language," Martin says. "There's so much yet to be understood in the brain."

2、Anthony Doerr's new bestseller, All the Light We Cannot See, holds special appeal for me. That's how I would describe it. From the poetic language, to the realization of what the tile actually means: that underneath the surface of history, there is light that has not been seen, and stories that have gone untold.

I'm going to be honest-love for this book didn't hit me straight away. In fact, my first attempt to read it last month ended with me putting it aside and going to find something easier, lighter and less descriptive to read. But this book is built on beautiful imagery. Both in the literal sense-the physical world of 1940s Paris and Germany, and the metaphorical (隐喻性的)sense-scientific and philosophical references to light, to seeing and not seeing, and the differences between the two. It's a beautiful work of genius, but it does get a little complicated at times.

However, when we get into the meat of this World War II novel, it's also an upsetting story of a childhood torn apart by war. It's about Parisian Marie Laure who has been blind since she was six, and a German orphan called Werner who finds himself at the center of the Hitler Youth. Both of their stories are told with sensitivity and sympathy, each one forced down a path by their personal circumstances and by that destructive monster-war.

I think this is the kind of book you will never appreciate if you stop too soon-I learned that lesson. From the first to last page, there is a theme of invisible lines running parallel (平行的)to one another and sometimes, just sometimes, crossing in the strangest way. These two lives we are introduced to seem to be worlds apart, and yet they come together and influence one another. It was this, more than the predictably awful tale of war, that made me feel quite emotional.

3、_______ on the top of the mountain is an ancient tower _______ back to two hundred years ago.

4、On the contrary, I think it is David, __________ you, that __________ to blame.

5、— Why hasn't he come yet?

— I don't know, but I ________ him of the meeting.

6、— What makes him so excited these days?

— ________ a key university.

7、Hard __________ he tried, he couldn't figure out the solution to the math problem within the time limit.

8、Only when they reached the restaurant ______ that it was the same place they had been in last year.

9、Though ________ with numerous challenges, the scientist never stopped ________ experiments to find a cure for the rare disease.

10、Throughout the world _________ advance has been made in science and technology is due to education which brings forth knowledge, creation and inventions.

11、The artist found ________ in the vibrant colours of the sunset, which motivated him to create a new masterpiece.

12、He decided to ________ his spare time to volunteering, believing it was a meaningful way to contribute to society.

13、When planning their future, the couple tried to ________ a life filled with happiness and success for their family.

14、Despite numerous challenges, she continued to make every ________ to achieve her academic goals.

15、Adding too many details to the project plan only served to ________ matters and delay progress.

16、She proved to be very ________ when she found creative solutions to the project's challenges.

17、The initial meeting was productive, and ________ discussions led to a successful agreement.

18、The new ________ area is designed to provide a comfortable living environment for families.

19、After years of planning, they finally decided to ________ the ambitious project.

20、One of his most admirable ________ is his ability to remain calm under pressure.