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A NASA-funded study used satellite to search for penguin poops(粪便) in Antarctica：funny at first sight though，it resulted in unique insights on the Adelie penguin's diet and its future as the climate changes.The findings published recently unlocked the secrets about the species that can provide an early-warning of threats to Antarctica's delicate ecosystem.

Researchers from Stony Brook University used satellite images to see if the Adelie penguin's diet has been changing in response to Antarctica's changing climate.Adelie penguin population has dropped greatly in some areas even as the global population increases.The satellite images cannot show the penguins individually，but their presence can be detected by the stain(污渍) left on the ice by their waste，called guano.

Male and female penguins take turns incubating(孵化) in the nest.The guano builds up in the same areas occupied by the nests.Heather Lynch，associate professor at Stony Brook，along with his team，used the area of the colony as defined by the guano stain to work back to the number of pairs.A global survey for Adelie penguins turned up 3.8 million breeding pairs.Also，the satellite data can detect the color of the penguin guano，ranging from white to pink to dark red.White guano is from eating mostly fish；pink and red would be from eating mostly krill(磷虾). The team found that while the Adelie penguin's diet did show changes from year to year，no consistent pattern was obvious.

"This was a big surprise，since the abundance and distribution of Adelie penguins has changed dramatically over the last 40 years and scientists had assumed that a change in diet might have played a role，" said Casey Youngflesh，a graduate student from the university.However，continued changes in the physical environment and a growing krill fishery in the region are likely to have an influence on penguin prey(猎物) and penguin population itself."Tools like these will be important for the management of the Antarctic ecosystem，which is often considered among the most primitive areas in the world，"said Youngflesh.

The days of staring at the computer screen pretending to be interested in an assignment even though you are bored out of your mind may soon be coming to an end.That's because if Dr Harry Witchel，Discipline Leader in Physiology at England's Brighton and Sussex Medical School，has his way，computers of the future will be able to detect boredom and even react to it real-time.

But before you get concerned，the machine is not reading your mind.It is just keeping track of the constant involuntary(无意识的)movements that people exhibit when in front of a computer or even a television.These are not the bigger instrumental actions like moving a mouse or using the remote，but barely noticeable movements like scratching，fidgeting，or stretching.Witchel says the level of movement is directly linked to how absorbed the person is in what he or she is reading or watching.The higher the interest level，the less the movement!

To test the theory，Witchel and his team invited 27 people and exposed them to a variety of digital contents for three minutes at a time.The activities ranged from playing online games to reading documents like the banking regulations that most people would find boring.

A video motion tracker monitored their movements as they powered through each assignment.Just as the researchers had expected，the involuntary actions decreased dramatically，by as much as 42%，when the participants were totally absorbed in what they were reading or seeing.

Fortunately，the scientists are not planning to use the findings to create machines that report students who are not focusing at school.Instead，they believe that combining the motion-detecting technology with future computers will help enhance the digital learning experience.

The scientists say that being able to measure the students' interest level will enable educators to adjust the materials real-time and re-engage the students.Witchel also believes that the technology can provide filmmakers with honest audience opinions.

BASE jumping is a dangerous sport that involves using a parachute(降落伞) to jump off a high structure. Because BASE jumping is very dangerous，it is sometimes considered a "stunt"，or"daredevil activity"rather than a sport.

BASE is an acronym(首字母缩写) that stands for the four categories of fixed launch points for a BASE jump：building，antennae(高塔)，span(bridge) and earth(cliff). "BASE numbers" are awarded to those jumpers who have completed at least one jump from each of the categories.

Carl Boenish made the first official BASE jump off the Troll Wall in Norway in 1984.Unfortunately，Carl Boenish was killed two days after that first BASE jump as he tried to make another BASE jump off the Troll Wall.Improvements in equipment have helped reduce BASE jumping deaths. There are no reliable statistics on the number of people killed and injured while BASE jumping，but it is certainly more dangerous than skydiving.Because of the high death rate，BASE jumping has not gained widespread acceptance. A BASE jumper needs to get permission to use both the place from which the jump is initiated(开始) and the landing areas.Some places，like the Troll Wall，are banned because of the high level of danger.However，many sites are still open to jumpers.

 It can easily injure or kill you.You are a huge investment of time，energy，and money by your parents.Your parents expect you to have good judgment，so think hard before you do anything that is dangerous.

A. BASE jumping is something that you shouldn't do.

B. Teens'parents don't support BASE jumping because it costs money.

C. A BASE number qualifies the participant as a recognized BASE jumper.

D. This is also one of the reasons that it is considered illegal in many countries.

E. BASE jumping just gets even more dangerous as you compete to be the quickest.

F. It has become popular with those constantly looking for new and exciting things to do.

G. Nevertheless，many people，including skilled jumpers，are still injured or killed every year.

To persist，life must reproduce.Scientists at the University of Vermont，Tufts University，and the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University have discovered an entirely new form of biological reproduction and applied their discovery to creating the first-ever，self-replicating(自我复制的) living robots.

Named Xenobots after the African clawed frog from which scientists take their stem cells，the machines are less than 0.04 inches wide—small enough to travel inside human bodies.They can walk and swim，survive for weeks without food，and work together in groups.They even have regenerative capabilities；when the scientists sliced into one robot，it healed by itself and kept moving.

The Xenobots could potentially be used toward a host of tasks.Xenobots could be used to clean up radioactive waste and collect microplastics in the oceans.Some Xenobots have holes in their center，which could potentially be used to transport drugs or medicines.Traditional robots "degrade(降解) over time and can produce harmful ecological and health side effects，" researchers said in the study，which was published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.As biological machines，Xenobots are more environmentally friendly and safer for human health.Aside from these immediate practical tasks，Xenobots could also help researchers to learn more about cell biology—opening the doors to future advancement in human health and longevity.

While the prospect of self-replicating biotechnology could spark concern，the researchers said that the living machines were entirely contained in a lab and easily destroyed，as they are biodegradable and regulated by experts."There are many things that are possible if we take advantage of this kind of plasticity(可塑性) and ability of cells to solve problems，"said Joshua Bongard，one of the lead researchers at the university of Vermont.

For more than a decade，a team of researchers have studied the dynamics of the Greenland Ice Sheet as it responds to a warming climate.But while much of their focus has been on water's impacts on ice sheet change，their most recent research findings have overturned the order of their thinking.Meierbachtol，Harper and their team discovered that changes in the ice sheet have a real impact on the massive groundwater system underlying Greenland.

This latest discovery occurred thanks to a marriage of drilling techniques.International cooperators made an angled hole 650 meters through bedrock underneath a Greenland glacier(冰川) to measure groundwater conditions under the ice.Meanwhile，researchers drilled 32 holes from atop the glacier，through nearly a kilometer of ice，to measure water conditions at the area between ice and bedrock，which forms an important boundary controlling groundwater flow below.After drilling，the team fixed sensors in the ice column and at the ice sheet bed to measure ice dynamics and water conditions as water flows under the ice.

"By studying areas covered by ice 10,000 years ago，we have known that the huge mass and vast amounts of water from melting ice can impact the underlying groundwater，" Meierbachtol said."It's generally accepted that the groundwater is sleeping over decades to centuries and its response to ice sheet change is long：thousands of years.But what we've shown here is that it is immediate."

This new understanding could have important subsequent effects on how Greenland's thinning ice impacts the Arctic.The thinning ice could reduce the rate of groundwater flow to the ocean，changing the water temperature and salinity(盐度) balance that is important for ocean circulation(循环) patterns."In thinking about the complex feedbacks from Greenland's ongoing change，we have really ignored the groundwater component，"Harper said.

It was late，about 10∶15 p. m.Janice Esposito got off the train at Bellport，New York，went to her car and started driving home.She was so familiar with the route that she almost drove automatically：turned left to the Station Road，then another left onto Montauk Highway，and then—bam! When Esposito's car had just crossed the railroad tracks，it bumped into another vehicle and was pushed back onto the tracks.Injured but mostly shocked by the crash and by the airbags that popped up，she was stuck in the vehicle.

As it happened，Pete DiPinto was just about to go to sleep when he heard a sharp noise and saw the accident not far outside his bedroom window.As a volunteer firefighter and retired teacher，DiPinto，who was 65，fetched a flashlight and rushed out without hesitation."Any firefighter would have done what I did，" he said."We're always on duty."

At first，he spotted the other car in the accident.After making sure that the driver was all right，DiPinto looked around and discovered Esposito's car straddling(横跨) the railway tracks.And then he heard the bell ring，which signaled a train's arrival.

DiPinto rushed to Esposito's car and broke the window on the driver's side.Esposito looked up at him，with her eyes glazing over."I don't know where I am，" she said.

"You're on the railroad tracks，"DiPinto yelled."I have to get you off right now！" The train was running toward them at a speed of some 105 kilometers per hour.The driver's door failed to be opened due to the collision(碰撞)，so DiPinto quickly ran to the other side and was able to open the door.He put the airbags aside，seized her arms，pulled her toward him across the passenger seat until finally got her out and walked her to safety as swiftly as possible.Several seconds later，the train crashed into the vehicle."It was like a Hollywood movie，"DiPinto told reporters the next day.

"Last night，"said Gregory Miglino Jr.，Chief of the Department in South Country Ambulance，"the hero arrived in pajamas(睡衣裤)，not in a fire truck."

Children are naturally curious beings. Teachers and parents often find themselves making use of rewards in the form of stars，promises of high grades and wonderful careers，or threats of punishment.But what if rewards and threats aren't the answer?

Natural curiosity is sometimes referred to as "inner motivation". And it's easy to understand why it's hard to study something we aren't actively engaged with，and if we're passionate about the information we're digesting，it feels more fulfilling.

External motivation，things like rewards and punishment，does have its uses too.Praise and stimulation based on achieving good grades or fear of punishment has been acknowledged to motivate older students. So，if it's the case that natural curiosity is motivation for better learning，how can we stimulate that interest?

Let children see their learning as their own thing and give them a bit more choice of what and how they learn.For example，if you want to teach children to read，let them choose which book they use.Whether it's a graphic novel，TV guide or classic literature，the aim of stimulating their appetite for reading is achieved.

Likewise，build a relationship with children as learners and listen to their negative feelings.If they are unwilling to get involved in an activity，don't rush to use threats or rewards.Try to find out why.Perhaps it's simply because they feel the activity boring.

All in all，the answer to motivating children，especially the young ones，comes from inspiring their inner motivation.Once their inner motivation is generated，the children will be fired up.

A. The key is to allow some degree of freedom.

B. Children who see learning as fun are better at it.

C. It doesn't have as much effect at an early age，though.

D. Then explain its value，even if it doesn't seem appealing.

E. It's unapparent whether they lack inner or external motivation.

F. Even top students have days when they aren't motivated for learning.

G. But getting them to study what they aren't interested in can be a tricky task.

Echolocation has been gaining popularity recently as a skill that some blind people use to precisely map the surroundings.They can detect trees，buildings or doorways by making a clicking sound with their mouths and listening for the echo.

However，research has shown this can be learned by anyone，blind or sighted.A growing body of research encourages us to awake senses that have been neglected.Just by using mouth clicks，echo experts can tell whether an object 2m away is a car or tree.

This does not mean echolocation provides people with the same accuracy as vision.Human echolocators struggle to track tiny targets.And it only works for three-dimensional objects.However，Lore Thaler，one of the world's leading experts on human echolocation，says it is still a very powerful technique.

Thaler and her colleagues are currently studying brain scans of sighted and blind people who are learning to echolocate.So far，results have shown something rather surprising：When sighted people learn to navigate by sound，they engage the part of their brain that usually deals with vision.

"We like to think of vision as a sense that's by itself，and there are certain resources dedicated to it，such as the eyes and specific parts of the brain.But instead，our brain may be able to process sensory information somewhat more flexibly—‘seeing' with our ears，if you like.It's just that usually，for sighted people，there is no reason to do so，" says Thaler.

In everyday life，our real sensory superpower lies not in any individual skill，but in their combination.This is because each sense is limited on its own.Our peripheral vision(外围视觉)，for example，is rather poor.But we can combine it with another sense，like hearing，to make out where something is，say，an approaching car.This is known as the "bimodal precision advantage(双峰精度优势)".

It's strange to think that echolocation has been inside us，unused and unnoticed.Who knows what other hidden senses are waiting to be discovered?

Recently，Londoners were treated to a new way in dining.Food Ink，"the world's first 3D printing restaurant"，opened to a group of guests who dined on a nine-course meal prepared right before their eyes using 3D printers.Even the restaurant's tables and chairs，cups and plates were created with 3D technology.With London just the beginning，Food Ink plans to bring its innovative restaurant format to a number of other cities around the globe.

Like other 3D applications，printing food is a process that builds layers upon layers of material on top of each other.Each layer is pushed through a print head to form an object with a desired shape，texture，size，and so forth.Unlike other 3D printing，which uses spools(线轴) to create objects out of plastic，food materials in 3D printing are inserted into a syringe(吸管) like a container，which are then pressed into the shape required.Any food ingredients that can be turned into a paste(糊状物) can be used in 3D food printing.

Fine dining is only one aspect of the food industry about to be revolutionized by 3D printing.Researchers have been exploring ways to use 3D printing to fight world hunger.Mass production of food using powdered nutritional ingredients could help feed a growing population.This is especially important with the world population projected to be 6.5 billion by 2030.The 3D-printed food would have the advantage of being produced cheaply and having a long shelf life.

The technology will enable consumers to quickly make meals with ingredients to suit their specific health needs.The Netherlands Organization for applied scientific research is turning to 3D printing to mash up(捣成糊状) peas，broccoli，and carrots to produce 3D-printed versions of the vegetables.These are easier to chew but hold their shape.The 3D-printed vegetables are being served throughout nursing homes in Germany.It seems that there is no end to the potential of 3D printing.

Younger readers will discover dinosaurs，stars，explorers，landmarks and more in these maps and travel books chosen by Vivien Godfrey，head of Stanfords.

Maps Special Edition ， ￡25

This book was already popular in our children's department and has been made even better with this special edition，which includes 16 new maps.The collection of 68 maps takes you through 58 countries and 6 continents.It is packed with illustrated information，which includes famous historical figures，local dishes，festivals，wild animals and landmarks.

Maps of the United Kingdom ， ￡17.99

We held the launch for Maps of the United Kingdom at the Stanfords store in London.Technically aimed at children，it contains lots of information and facts.It's so well put together，especially when it comes to choosing the 7 famous people in connection with each county：Norfolk，for example，includes Boudicca and Philip Pullman.

Harry Potter's London：The Film Location Walk ， ￡3.99

Harry Potter's London：The Film Location Walk is a map that features information on three walks taken in the best locations of Central London featured in the hugely popular films.The walks cover Piccadilly Circus to Westminster Bridge via Trafalgar Square and King's Cross Station，with its famous Platform 9.

First Sticker Book Flags ， ￡5.99

Learn the flags of every country in the world by placing the flag stickers on the correct countries on the maps.This contains fascinating facts about countries and why certain flags feature their particular designs.There are fun questions throughout，including，"Some African flags have a diagonal stripe.How many can you find？"

By 2025，water shortage will be a big problem for about 1.8 billion people.In a world where water resource is increasingly short，nations cannot afford to waste it. After we use water in our homes and businesses，it is washed away，taking many valuable resources with it.

Waste water is rich in carbon and nutrients. A number of nations and major cities have already built waste water treatment plants.They can effectively recover nutrients and bio-energy，and produce "new water" that can be reused.But more than 80% of all waste water still currently flows into natural ecosystems，polluting the environment and taking valuable nutrients and other recoverable materials with it.

 This is still better than the situation in smaller cities.In Latin American countries，those living in small and medium-sized cities at most treat it in the form of septic tanks(化粪池) that lack regular and proper maintenance.

Imagine that outside one of these small cities lies a lovely piece of land：on the surface it is aesthetically(美学地) built and provides habitats for local wildlife.Beneath the surface is wetland that treats waste water and produces energy.

The energy produced saved families from having to use firewood collected in the wild.This is not a dream project. A team of scientists have been looking into the potential of the constructed wetland environments.Having analyzed 800 examples of biomass in more than 200 countries，they found that，depending on climate and the type of plant used in the construction of this type of wetland，up to 45 hectares of land could be irrigated with waste water.

A. This can provide ready access to clean water.

B. But that is exactly what we do.

C. A constructed wetland environment is already in practice on a small scale.

D. There is no longer any good reason to waste any type of water.

E. If collected and treated properly，it could provide "new water"，fertilizer，and energy.

F. This would reduce the need for fresh water for irrigation and energy for pumping.

G. Although waste water systems in large cities are effective，the whole procedure usually costs much.

Humans are emotional beings，showing feelings in our behavior and facial expressions.But whether these mean the same thing in different cultures has been hotly debated.Now a new study has found that in different social contexts，such as weddings，funerals and sports，people indeed show universal facial expressions.

For the new study，Alan Cowen's team used a machine learning model，Deep Neural Network(DNN)，to systematically analyze facial expressions in thousands of different contexts.These contexts come from more than six million videos uploaded to YouTube by people in 144 countries.

Facial expressions were rated by English speakers in India by selecting applicable emotions from a list of 31 labels，resulting in a total of 16 distinct facial expressions.Meanwhile，contexts were classified in a separate experiment.The results showed that people from different cultures share about 70% of the facial expressions used in response to different social and emotional situations.

"This supports Darwin's theory that expressing emotions in our faces is universal among humans，" the study co-lead author Dacher Keltner said."The physical display of our emotions may define who we are as a species，enhancing our communication and cooperation skills and ensuring our survival."

However，Lisa Barrett，from the Northeastern University College of Science notes that the English speakers in India were given the emotional word ratings rather than labeling the expressions themselves.They used emotion labels such as "anger" "fear" and "sadness" instead of descriptive terms，thereby inferring the emotions behind the expressions.

She further comments that the raters(评定者) saw the faces in contexts which can't necessarily be separated from the emotions themselves，and that the key point is that the raters are from just one country."The ultimate value of Cowen and his colleagues' study might lie not in the answers it provides，" she concludes，"but in the opportunity for further discovery that it opens up."

Studying the DNA of 300 mice has flagged up(引起对……的关注) genes which have been linked to hereditary(遗传的) sight loss for the first time.Researchers say because mice's genes are so similar to humans'，their findings could lead to the treatment of more genetic diseases.

Scientists at the University of California，Davis studied information from a data bank of mice's genetic material.They found 347 genes linked to eye problems，with just 86 of them having been studied in the past.

Only around 50 to 75 percent of hereditary eye diseases in human can be explained with present science.The researchers believe these hundreds of new genes found in mice could be a key to explaining—and therefore being able to treat the other 25－50 percent.

"This is extremely valuable for people with hereditary eye disease，" said researcher Professor Ala Moshiri."All researchers are going to start using these data.In the past，we knew the problem was there but we didn't know where to look.Now eye centers can call back patients and screen them for these new genes.We expected that more and more of these genetic diseases will be treatable." Also，the fact is that more than 60 percent of eye problems at birth are ones resulting from the baby's parents!

Thanks to data from the International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium(IMPC)，which is trying to work out what every single gene in a mouse is responsible for，with the aim of translating it to humans，scientists are moving closer to figuring out all genetic causes of blindness.To do this，scientists separate a single gene from other ones at a time and then observe what effect it has on the mouse for a long time.This has so far been done more than 7,000 times and has achieved great success.Researchers are now working alongside eye care centers in Texas and Iowa in order to compare the mice's genes to those of patients.

For recreation league athletes，there's nothing worse than when one of your teammates drops out at the last minute.When a recreation league ice hockey(冰上曲棍球) team in Edmonton needed a goalie(守门员)，they got a save from an unlikely hero.

Nelson Rego，who is 100% blind，plays blind ice hockey for the Edmonton "SeeHawks" and accidentally met another goalie，John Hunter，who was inquiring online about a chest protector.Later Hunter got injured，and trying to help his team find a goalie for a league game，he reached out on the Edmonton Goalies Facebook page.

"Nelson calls me，and he starts out with，‘Hey，how's the chest protector going？'" Hunter later shared about the remarkable story."Then Nelson continues，‘By the way，I'm not sure if this is a good idea but I've learned that you're looking for a goalie substitute for your league game tonight.What do you think about me playing？'"

The team was "all in"，so Rego got ready for his first-ever sighted league match.

According to the players，they didn't tell the referee until the puck(冰球) drop that their goalie was blind—information with which he didn't really know what to do.

In an interview with CTV Edmonton ， Rego explains he keeps himself centered in the goal by measuring the distance between the posts with his stick and his glove.After he uses sound to key into where the puck is and if it's being challenged，all the while he follows verbal instructions from his loving wife Emelinda，in the stands telling the action.

The game was by no means a washout for Rego，because even though Rego's team lost，he hung in there and earned the respect and admiration of the team.

This remarkable night is just one step in Rego's hockey career and he wants to go further.Rego says，"If it's something you want to do，just do it.It's amazing to watch hockey，but it's even better to play it."

How do you get yourself to take action now？Here are some powerful suggestions.

Focus intensely on the positive things that your actions will accomplish. Whether it's something you're seeking to accomplish，or something you're seeking to be rid of，picture exactly how your life will be after the work is done.The more intensely you can imagine it，the better.

 The only real reason you have for avoiding action is because you associate some kind of pain or discomfort with it.Therefore，it helps to associate something even more painful with not taking action.Instead of focusing on the relatively minor pain of taking action，focus instead on the major pain of not taking action.

Think of all the reasons you can come up with to not take action，and then destroy all those reasons with a single word—"But."Simply state the excuse，put the word"but"after it，and then finish the sentence.For example，"I've never done this before，BUT I can learn." Stick the word "but" in there，and challenge yourself to finish the sentence.

Take the first small step.Don't even concern yourself with committing to the whole project or course of action.Just do something very easy and very small.The point is to find a little momentum(动力). Then climb aboard the momentum train，and let it help you keep the effort going.

Make it fun.Realize that just about anything can be fun if you'll think of it as fun and enjoyable.Find a way to make something fun，and not only will you want to do it；you'll also be better at it.

A. You always choose what to do.

B. Lay all your excuses out on the table and deal with them.

C. Whatever you must do to achieve success，find a way to enjoy it.

D. In your mind，picture in great detail what your actions will bring you.

E. Focus on the negative things that will happen if you don't take action.

F. Once you take that small action，let yourself fully enjoy how great it feels.

G. Getting started with your biggest task or most difficult action may seem too much.

Putting a microchip(芯片) into one's brain brings the world a super hero，which is common in sci-fi movies.However，we may find it possible in reality.

Elon Musk，founder of SpaceX and co-founder of electric car maker Tesla—has been working on this technology.On Aug.28，Musk gave a livestream demonstration of the chip，which was implanted into the head of a pig named Gertrude.

The chip，developed by Musk's company，is the size of a coin.But don't let its size fool you.The tiny chip has over 3,000 electrodes(电极) attached to flexible threads，which can monitor about 1,000 neurons(神经元). It collects neural signals from an area of the brain，and then transmits those signals wirelessly to nearby computers.In the livestream，Gertrude could be seen walking around sniffing the ground while a monitor showed her brain activity.

Though the technology is still in its early stage，it is encouraging for humans.This technology "would solve a lot of brain injuries"，which allows the human brain to combine with an artificial intelligence，Musk said.

When the device can be applied to humans，its main goal will be to help those who have mobility issues，such as those suffering from paralysis(瘫痪). Musk hopes this technology could also be used to help those with hearing and eyesight issues and one day lead to a cure for epilepsy(癫痫). 

Although such a device could，in principle，repair those problems，putting it into practice is by no means a piece of cake.Currently，the device can transmit signals from about 500 neurons in the pig's brain.Compared to 80 billion neurons in a human brain，this number is tiny.And to cover the whole human brain also means the electrodes have to be much smaller.Also，implanting the chip into the brain poses a potential danger.There is a possibility of the immune system attacking this foreign body.

Right now，the hope of controlling the brain via controlling a few neurons seems overly optimistic."There are many technological challenges...to overcome before Neuralink can put its devices to the purposes，"Yuan Lanfeng，an associate professor at the University of Science and Technology of China，told China Daily.

A recent study has followed the origins，or beginnings of the family of languages that include modern Japanese，Korean，Turkish and Mongolian.The findings show a shared genetic ancestor for the hundreds of millions of people who speak what the researchers call Transeurasian(跨欧亚的) languages.Such languages had their origin with millet farmers who lived in an area in northeastern China about 9,000 years ago.Millet is a small，round whole grain.It was an important early crop as hunter-gatherers became farmers.

The study's findings show how the use of agriculture following the Ice Age powered the movements of some of the world's major language families.The research highlights the complex beginnings of modern populations and cultures.

Martine Robbeets，head of the Archaeolinguistic Research Group，said people often think of Japan，Korea and China as powerful nations representing one language，one culture and one people."All languages，cultures and humans，including those in Asia，are mixed，" Robbeets said."Accepting that the roots of one's language，culture or people lie beyond the present national boundaries is to surrender identity，which some people are not yet prepared to make."

The researchers studied data of vocabulary from the 98 languages.They identified a group of words related to agriculture and created a language family tree.The researchers examined data from 255 archaeological sites in China，Japan，Korea and eastern Russia.They studied ancient objects including pottery，stone tools and plant and animal remains.They also included the dating of 269 ancient crop remains from different areas.

The researchers found that farmers in northeastern China eventually grew rice and wheat along with millet.The crops spread along with farming populations to Korea by about 1300BCE and from there to Japan after about 1000BCE.As the ancient farmers moved across northeastern Asia，related languages spread into Siberia，Korea and Japan over thousands of years.

Where to find money that can help you pay for a college or university after high school.

The Student Assistance Program(SAP)

It is a provincial student support program，offering a mix of financial assistance to thousands of students each year.You can only be suitable for SAP if you don't get enough money from other sources to cover your college or university expenses.The income that you report to SAP generally needs to match what you report to the school when you file your taxes.

You can use the online calculator to help.You'll see how much financial assistance you could be suitable to receive from SAP.

Financial Aid from Schools

You can check with the school directly to see what financial aid programs they offer.You could be suitable for assistantships，scholarships，work-study programs and summer employment opportunities.These are all sources of money you don't have to pay back.

Emergency Loans

Most schools also offer emergency loans.For example，you could be suitable for a short-term loan (90 days) to cover tuition，if you're waiting for SAP to arrive.Banks，trust companies and credit unions offer student loans and lines of credit.Talk to your financial institution for more information.

Self-fund

It's a good idea to save money from a summer job or job you hold throughout the year to help pay for your education.Your parents or other relatives might also be able to contribute to education costs.

Another option is to consider investing savings through a bank/financial institution—so that money can earn interest—if you plan to go to college or university in the future.

Extra Assistance

Some students，such as those with disabilities or who receive social assistance，may be suitable for additional student aid.

We seem to be very familiar with teahouses.The function of a teahouse varies widely (depend) on the culture.In China，a teahouse is a place  people gather to enjoy tea，chat and socialize.It (consider) as a symbol of Chinese tea culture.

Chinese teahouses enjoy a long-standing history.They developed from tea stands in the Western Jin Dynasty，(take) shape in the Tang Dynasty，developed (gradual) in the Song，Yuan，Ming，and Qing Dynasties and became booming in modern times.

In the Song Dynasty，teahouses existed all over cities and villages， a rate comparable with that of restaurants.The owners preferred to decorate their teahouses with paintings of celebrities(名人) and rare and precious plants (attract) customers.In the Ming and Qing Dynasties，the number of teahouses went beyond that of restaurants，gaining more (popular) and becoming more famous.Later，the acculturation(文化移入) of Western culture forced traditional Chinese teahouses to take on  new look.After reform and opening-up，teahouses flowered in China with the development of the economy and evident improvement of (people) living standards.

Sweat dropped down my forehead and back，but I was determined to push forward.Though I'd never been much of a 1 ，I had a crucial target—to 2 my little girl，Bridie.Born in January 2017，she was diagnosed(诊断) with sagittal craniosynostosis.

Doctors explained that she'd need 3 .They also noticed that her limbs(四肢) and fingers were measuring quite short，so Bridie 4 genetic testing to find out why.When the 5 came back，we met with the specialist.He told us that the rare 6 would cause retinal degeneration(视网膜恶化)，meaning she could go blind and develop kidney(肾脏) disease.

By December that year，her specialist 7  her kidneys were only functioning at 30 per cent.He admitted that a transplant might be 8  sooner.It broke my heart，and I knew I had to 9  to help save my girl.So I 10  to give her one of my kidneys right away.After reducing my weight by running and undergoing multiple tests，I was declared a 11 .

The big day finally arrived.When I came to several hours later，I was 12 that Bridie's surgery was considered to have been a(n) 13 .After two days，I was finally well enough to visit my 14 daughter.Giving her a big hug，it felt so good to see a smile on her face.

People have called me a hero，but I think any parent would do the same to save their child.Seeing the smile on our beautiful Bridie's face makes it all 15 .