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What do the random, scribbled (潦草的)drawings crowding the margins (页边空白处) of most high school students' papers mean? When a student is caught doodling (乱画) in class, he will probably be criticized for daydreaming. But doodling while listening can help with remembering details, rather than implying that the mind is wandering, according to a study published in the scientific journal Applied Cognitive Psychology. 

In an experiment conducted by the Medical Research Council's Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit in Cambridge, 40 subjects were asked to listen to a two-minute tape giving several names of people and places. Half of the participants were asked to shade in shapes on a piece of paper at the same time, without paying attention to neatness, while the rest were given no such instructions. After the tape had finished, all participants in the study were asked to recall the names of people and places. The doodlers recalled on average 7.5 names of people and places, compared to only 5.8 by the non-doodlers.

"If someone is doing a boring task, like listening to a dull telephone conversation, they may start to daydream. " said study researcher, Professor Jackie Andrade, of the School of Psychology, University of Plymouth. "Daydreaming distracts them from the task, resulting in poorer performance. A simple task, like doodling, may be sufficient (足够的) to stop daydreaming without affecting performance on the main task. "

"In psychology, tests of memory or attention will often use a second task to selectively block a particular mental process. If that process is important for the main task, then performance will be impaired. But my research suggests that in everyday life doodling may be something we do because it helps to keep us on track with a boring task, rather than being an unnecessary distraction (分心) that we should try to resist doing. " said Andrade.

Dan Ware, a social study teacher, used to consider doodling a distraction from learning, but after teaching kids with all personality types he learned scribbling away during lectures helps certain students remember more information. "In my first few years of teaching, I thought, ‘Well, this kid isn't paying attention. He's daydreaming. ' But I had some really powerful experiences with students and came to understand in many cases that was their way of focusing, and those students were probably paying more attention than other students. " Ware said.

If you followed the Rio Olympic Games, you may have noticed that several athletes, including US swimmer Michael Phelps, had circular bruises (青肿) on their bodies. These bruises were the result of "cupping (拔火罐) therapy", a traditional Chinese medicinal practice that has been around for more than 2, 000 years.

Many athletes say that they have benefited from the therapy. Phelps used the therapy in the fall of 201 and has used it about twice a week since, reported ABC News. Another US swimmer, Dana Vollmer, also believes that "it really helps with blood flow".

However, some have said that the supposed health effects result from people's feeling that the treatment works, rather than any physical effect of the treatment. To figure out cupping therapy has any physical effect, last year researchers from Germany carried out a test in which a false treatment was provided.

In the study, the same type of cups was used in the real treatment and the false treatment. But in the false treatment, the cups had a hole at the top so that they couldn't create the proper suction (吸力).

The tested patients, who suffered from a disorder that caused a lot of pain, were told that they would receive either a traditional cupping or "soft cupping". But they were not informed that the so-called "soft cupping" was a false treatment.

It turned out that most patients correctly guessed which kind of cupping they had received. In both groups, patients also experienced about the same reductions in pain. "The results suggest the effects of cupping therapy might come from factors that are not necessarily part of the treatment itself, " the researchers told the Live Science website.

The question of whether cupping therapy works still needs to be answered. "But because the treatment is relatively safe and it could be helpful for some people, the therapy can be used as part of a comprehensive treatment program involving other exercises, nutritional choices and lifestyle changing, " Dr Brent Bauer, director of the US Complementary and Integrative Medicine Program at Mayo Clinic, told Live Science.

The power of "seeing"

A spoon-billed sandpiper (勺嘴鹬) steps into the frame, heading straight for a small bug placed there. It swallows its food with its spoon-shaped beak. 

The performance is for Joel Sartore, founder of Photo Ark, a personal effort to document animals around the world. 

The critically endangered bird, of which there are fewer than 1, 000 individuals in the wild, is the 13, 000th species Sartore has photographed in 16 years. His goal is 20, 000. 

Before he started Photo Ark, Sartore spent more than a decade working as a photographer for National Geographic, mainly covering conservation stories in the field. He had seen wildlife decreasing firsthand, but felt like the public wasn't interested.

Sartore thought of a new way to inspire people. He picked up his camera and set about taking shots of wildlife-but rather than recording animals in the wild he wanted to photograph them outside their natural habitat. He visited zoos, aquariums and rehabilitation (康复) centers and photographed portraits of individual animals against a white or black backdrop (背景幕). 

"This allows you to look them in the eye and see that there's great beauty there and that they are worth saving, " he said. "We are primates and we respond to eye contact above all else. "

The response has indeed been huge. Sartore has more than 1.6 million followers on Instagram and a best-selling series of Photo Ark books. Part of the proceeds (收益) from his books goes to fund on-the-ground conservation efforts. 

Gary Ward who works at London Zoo where Sartore has shot before said, "Seeing is the first step to caring, and caring is the first step to conservation action. "

By choosing animals outside their natural habitat, Sartore admits he will only show a small part of the world's wildlife. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature, there are more than 2 million described species on the planet, and he plans to photograph just 1% of them. But doing so allows him to spotlight species that are already extinct in the wild, and those that would be difficult to take portraits of in their natural habitat. It also enables him to shoot in a controlled environment, meaning the animal can be kept safe and comfortable, with zookeepers or carers on hand to advise on its behavior.

注意：1. 词数100左右；2. 请在答题卡的相应位置作答。

With about half of the vast country covered in wilderness, China is the world's third most species-rich country. Therefore, China's (achieve) in biodiversity conservation and wilderness protection are important to the future of global biodiversity conservation.

The vital biodiversity,  (combine) with a large population, has led the government to reconsider its protected area system and transform some wilderness areas  formal national parks. The new national park system will make it more practical  (protect) habitats and species. The aim is to preserve biodiversity and ensure a  (harmony) relation between humans and nature.

The national parks cross China's vast ecosystems from the Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park in the south the Hainan gibbon (长臂猿), a critically endangered species lives, the Giant Panda National Park, the Northeast Tiger and Leopard National Park, the Wuyi Mountain National Park to the Sanjiangyuan National Park on the Qinghai-Tibet Platau, source of the Yellow River, the Yangtze River and the Lancang River. The diversity of species and habitats under protection (reflect) in these parks' names.

The national parks are open to all. Visitors can make reservations online in advance  buy tickets on the spot. They should acquire a little local knowledge to get  (they) ready for the amazing trip and maximize their enjoyment.

Chris Raven, a former IT professional, found a new career after retirement. As a child, he had a(n) 1  for woodwork and music, but his career took a different 2 . After retirement, he 3  his two loves and became a flute (长笛) maker.

Raven 4  this unique journey at the age of 70, after decades in IT. He was 5  in a musical family, with both his parents 6  in music. He played the flute in his teenage years. And his love for the 7  was reawakened in his 40s. 

Due to a long lack of practice, his woodworking skills has 8 . One day, when Raven found his old school reports 9 , which showed his best subjects were music and woodwork. That 10  his passion for the two again.

Around the age of 70, he signed up to an Irish flute making workshop. 11 , Raven spends at least four days a week in the workshop, carefully 12  each flute. He has 13  his skills in wood turning, silverwork, leatherwork, and French polishing. He even cleared out his garage to settle a lathe (车床), bandsaws, milling machine and other 14 .

Raven loves the feel of the wood and the smell of it when he is working. He feels 15 with his work, stating, "You could call it a job, but I never think of it as that."

You may feel like you have a lot of casual friends or acquaintances (熟人) but no one is close. You're not alone. Not having any close friends is surprisingly common, especially in your youth.

You might feel nervous meeting new people. It's totally natural for lots of us to feel that way. So try to focus on the other person instead of yourself. The more you practice meeting new people and forming connections, the easier it will get.

You may push people away instead of getting close to them. If you have a few friends but you wouldn't necessarily treat them as close ones, you might be holding yourself back a bit. There are lots of reasons why you might be doing this, either on purpose or subconsciously, so try to give yourself permission to let people see the real you.

You might not make enough time for friends. They can disappear if you accidentally forget about your friends. Everyone's busy, so don't worry too much if you forget for a week or two, but try your best to talk to your friends often. Even if you can't hang out with them in person all the time, just sending them a text or calling them can be enough to keep up that relationship.

When you make plans, stick to them, and let your friends trust you. Close friendships happen when people can have faith in each other, so you want to be the best friend that you can be. Do your best to stick to your words, and keep up with the plans that you make with your pals. Over time, you'll grow closer because they know they can trust you.

A. You could be a little unreliable. 

B. You might enter new phases of life. 

C. Remember that they might be feeling shy, too.

D. There are many factors that may account for that.

E. Sometimes we hold people at arm's length accidentally.

F. Good friendships will get much closer if you keep in contact. 

G. Probably it will become a little easier for you to keep up with all of them.

The public nowadays has a misunderstanding of forest fires, believing that fires should be kept out of every type of forest. Many of us can recall Smoky the Bear's famous warning: "Remember, only YOU can prevent forest fires". However, that's not always the case. Under the right conditions, and when conducted safely, fire can create many environmental benefits as well as help prevent larger, uncontrollable wildfires.

After a forest fire, many wildlife species will move into recently burned areas to feed on these newly available foods. Some reptiles such as the pine snake prefer forests frequently burned by fire. As Herbert Stoddard put it, "One of the most harmful things modern man has done to birds has been his attempt to exclude fire from fire-type pine forests. Within a few years most forests are overwhelmed with bushes, lose their prairie-like vegetation (草原般植被) and can no longer support birds that depend on periodic burning for their food supply and proper cover."

If you are asked to picture the forest floor, what do you see? Pine needles, cones, leaves, branches might come to mind — all sources of fuel. If these fuel sources build up without any type of removal, the "fuel load" can lead to fires disastrous to forests and people alike. In contrast, prescribed fire can be used by forest professionals every couple of years to keep forest fuels at an appropriate and manageable level. They can also minimize the spread of pests and diseases and remove unwanted tree and plant species. Plus, they can create and maintain important wildlife habitats rich in grasses and promote the growth of trees, wildflowers and other various plants.

Many organizations and agencies work to promote fire on the landscape when and where appropriate. Smoky the Bear even has an updated warning: "Only You can Prevent Wildfires," as the Forest Service has over the last few decades developed policies and procedures to include forest fires as a management tool, as well as continuing their work to prevent and fight wildfires.

I ask every student I interview for admission to my institution, Pitzer College, the same question, "What do you look forward to the most in college?" I was astonished and delighted recently when a student replied, "I look forward to the possibility of failure." Of course, this is not how most students respond to the question when sitting before the person who can make decisions about their academic futures, but this young man took a risk.

"You see, my parents have never let me fail," he said. "When I want to take a chance at something, they remind me it's not a safe route to take. Taking a more demanding course or trying an activity I may not succeed in, they tell me, will ruin my chances at college admission."

I wish I could tell you this is an uncommon story, but kids all over the world admit they are under great pressure to be perfect. When I was traveling in China last fall and asked a Chinese student what she did for fun, she replied: "I thought I wasn't supposed to tell you that? I wouldn't want you to think I am not serious about my work!"

Students are usually in shock when I laugh and tell them I never expect perfection. Of course, this goes against everything they've been told. How could a dean (院长) of admission at one of America's most selective institutions not want the best and the brightest? The reality is, perfection doesn't exist, and we don't expect to see it in a college application. In fact, admission officers tend to question students who present themselves as individuals without shortcomings.

We get most excited when we read an application that seems real. It's so rare to hear stories of defeat. If their perspectives are of lessons learned, these applicants tend to jump to the top at highly selective colleges. We believe an error in high school should not define the rest of your life, but how you respond could shape you forever.