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Depression(抑郁) can be a destructive illness, plaguing millions of people worldwide with feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and fatigue. Despite numerous antidepressant drugs, as many as a third of patients don't respond to medication. This has forced doctors to be more creative in finding different treatments for the condition.

In the past two decades, researchers have tied depression to a seemingly unrelated condition: inflammation(炎症), the body's natural response to stress. It could rise from injury or inflection, or even emotional issues like an unhappy marriage or problems at work. Some amount of inflammation is generally beneficial, as it increases production of cytokines(致癌因子)，proteins that help us heal and protect us from the effects of overwork.

 But excessive cytokine levels, and the inflammation they bring on, could come at a cost—a number of studies suggests that high levels of cytokines could contribute to depression. 

Cytokines can reach the brain several ways: directly through the blood-brain barrier or indirectly by binding to nerve fibers elsewhere, which send signals to the brain to produce the inflammation molecules. In the brain, cytokines can disturb the production and release of several important signaling chemicals, including serotonin, dopamine and glutamate, which help control emotion, appetite, sleep, learning and memory. It's thought that a lack of serotonin activity in the brain causes depression; most antidepressants increase the activity. But cytokines also have been shown to activate stress hormone signaling in the brain, which may also serve to develop depression.

With all the evidence implicating inflammation in depression, doctors have been anxious to test anti-inflammatory drugs as a potential treatment. Four small studies published between 2006 and 2017 by research groups in Europe and Iran found that adults diagnosed with depression who took aspirin or another anti-inflammatory drug called Celecoxib, along with an antidepressant, got more relief from feelings of sadness, hopelessness, guilt and fatigue compared with those taking an antidepressant alone. However, Andrew Miller, a professor of psychiatry at Emory University, thought something was wrong in these small, limited studies. None of them looked at whether the participants had high levels of cytokines before they'd see a benefit from anti-inflammatory drugs. "Unfortunately, much of the field has fallen into the trap of viewing inflammation as the be-all, end-all," Miller says. He and his colleagues wanted to see whether the effect of these drugs was limited to the depression patients with high cytokine levels, or if it helped all people diagnosed with depression.

 A popular TV host has reportedly invested about US$ 740,000 in a project to research, preserve and promote the Hunan provincial dialect (方言). Chinese TV presenters are required to speak Mandarin, or Putonghua, as part of their work, but should dialects be allowed on air? 

 Bcnu (China): TV and radio stations have the right to decide whether dialects or Mandarin will be used in their programs. The popularity of some dialects in some areas will not challenge the leading role of Mandarin in the whole country. 

 Rick N (US): TV and radio broadcasters should take the lead in popularizing Mandarin. To require hosts to speak standard Mandarin is not to oppress (压制) dialects, but it only aims to restrict irresponsible use of language. I think it is unprofessional for some hosts particularly to imitate the pronunciation of dialects. 

Cooper (UK): Dialects are an important part of local culture and now many kids even don't know how to speak their dialects because of the main use of Mandarin around them. It would be a pity if future generations were unable to understand the local dialects. It would be a terrible break in cultural traditions.

 Steve (France): To attract viewers or make more money, some hosts casually use dialects. Demanding TV and radio programs use Mandarin is a move to limit strange and irresponsible use of language, whether it is Mandarin or other dialects. In this way, the decision is also a form of protection for dialects. Hearing standard Mandarin on TV and radio programs is also a basic right of audiences around the country. 

It was my twelfth birthday, and what I really wanted most was a new bicycle. But I knew that my family couldn't afford one, so I settled for(勉强接受，将就) a bedside table with lockable drawers, a safe place to keep my private stuff.

We went to the charity shop where we found an old dark one. It didn't look too cool, but I thought that I would paint it to make it look better.

After we took it home, I was getting ready to paint it. When I pulled the drawers out. I felt something stuck to the back. I reached in all the way, and guess what? A sealed bag with some papers in it.

When I opened the bag, I realized that the papers were official documents. And, wrapped in them were a bunch of ten and twenty dollar bills! Talk about finding a treasure! And on my birthday!

"Is this some kind of joke?" I said aloud. I went ahead and read the papers, and it turned out to be a will. Some old lady was leaving her savings for her son and grandchildren.

My mind was going crazy. Was I the luckiest twelve-year-old ever? With this money I could buy the coolest bicycle. Who knows?

I began counting. When I reached a thousand dollars, my mother was knocking on my bedroom door. I quickly closed the drawer with the money in it.

"Do you want some help? Is everything all right?" she asked.

No, everything was not right. Actually, my stomach was growling (低吼).

"I'm okay," I lied.

When my mother left my room, I lay on my bed, starting thinking. What a dilemma (窘境)! I wished there were some one I could talk with. Could I keep it and get all kinds of stuff for me and my family? It wouldn't be too bad for me to keep it, if I shared it...right? Thoughts ran through my mind. But I really didn't need someone else to give me the answer.

注意： 1. 续写词数应为150左右； 2. 请按格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。

I finally made a decision and called my parents into my bedroom.

Though surprised, the shop owner helped find the family's telephone number.

注意： 1.词数80词左右；2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

Chinese calligraphy (书法) is an art form that(involve) the skilled and deliberate use of brush and ink to create beautiful and expressive characters. 

The origins of Chinese calligraphy can be traced back thousands of years to the Shang Dynasty, making it one of the  (old) continuous artistic traditions in the world. Its evolution is accompanied with the development of the Chinese writing system,  consists of thousands of characters, each with its own artistic structure and stroke order (笔顺). 

Calligraphy in China(regard) as one of the highest forms of artistic expression. It is not only a means of communication a way to develop one's character, discipline, and spirituality. The practice of calligraphy requires (patient), concentration, and a deep understanding of the balance between empty space and solid forms.

Different styles of calligraphy have emerged throughout history, each with its own distinct characteristics and artistic conventions. The most famous(style) include regular script (kaishu), running script (xingshu), cursive script (caoshu), and seal script (zhuanshu). 

Chinese calligraphy has a profound influence  other art forms, such as (paint), poetry, and seal carving. It is often considered as an important part of the Chinese traditional culture, where scholars and artists would gather in a (culture) salon to appreciate and discuss calligraphic works.

Whether you think about it or not, what you wear says so much about who you are. Because of this, we often end up 1  a lot of meaning into the 2  we own. 

I go through my clothes every year and 3 the pieces I do not wear so I can make 4 for new items. However, there are some items I just can't 5 . Even though it's just a piece of 6 , it feels like a part of me. When you have something that has grown with you since middle school, it can be 7 to let go. I have a couple of these items, the most 8 being a Syracuse University crew-neck.

This crew-neck has the 9 fit, almost like it was made for me. You're probably wondering how I 10 it. Well, I stole it, kind of. Some nights my dad would have meetings and I would be at my grandparents' house pretty late. It was after a long day at school and I wandered into the guest bedroom and searched for some 11 clothes to wear. I found some sweats and a crew-neck. It was love at first 12 .

The clothes in the dresser 13  belonged to my Aunt Marie, and this crew-neck helps me 14  her. Clothes can help us define who we truly are. The traditions of our cultures or certain beliefs we have can be defined by how we 15 . My crew-neck means so much to me because it does all of these things.

Desertification(沙漠化), the process by which fertile (肥沃的) land becomes desert, has severe impacts on food production and is worsened by climate change. 

Africa's Great Green Wall is a project to build an 8,000- kilometer-long forest across 11 of the continent's countries. The project is meant to contain the growing Sahara Desert and fight climate change.They include limited political support, lack of money, weak organizational structures, and not enough consideration for the environment. Just 4 million hectares (公顷) of land have been turned into forest since work on the Green Wall began 15 years ago.

First proposed in 2005, the project aims to plant a forest from Senegal on the Atlantic Ocean in western Africa to Eritrea, Ethiopia and Djibouti in the east. It could also reduce levels of climate-related migration in the area and capture hundreds of millions of tons of carbon dioxide from the air. Several countries have struggled to keep up with the demands of the project.

 Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Sudan have all expanded their efforts. Ethiopia is producing 5.5 billion seedlings leading to thousands of hectares of restored land. Efforts in Eritrea and Sudan have also resulted in nearly 140,000 hectares of newly planted forest. The U. N. desertification agency says the project will need to plant an average of 8.2 million hectares yearly to reach its goal of 100 million hectares by 2030. 

A. But the project faces many problems.

B. That is only 4 percent of the programme's goal.

C. However, it is difficult to work on the Great Green Wall.

D. A quarter of Africa is under threat of food shortage.

E. Some progress has been made in recent years in the east of the continent.

F. Supporters hope that the project will create millions of green jobs in rural Africa.

G. The U.N. says up to 45 percent of Africa's land is impacted by desertification, worse than any other continent.

In a recent study, researchers have suggested that temperature is a major predictor of body size variation. Meanwhile, scientists studying red deer have said that warmer winters in northern Europe and Scandinavia may lead to the body size of these animals becoming smaller. Prof Steve Brusatte, a paleontologist(古生物学家) at the University of Edinburgh, suggested that the way in which other mammals(哺乳动物) have previously responded to periods of climate change could offer an insight into humans' future.

Writing in The Rise and Reign of the Mammals, Brusatte notes that animals in warmer parts of the world today are often smaller than those in colder areas, an ecological principle known as Bergmann's rule. "Why do they become smaller? It is not entirely understood, but it is probably, in part, because smaller animals have a higher surface area relative to their volume than bigger animals and can thus better release extra heat," he writes. "It is a common way that mammals deal with climate change".

He added: "That's not to say every species of mammal would get smaller, but it seems to be a common survival trick of mammals when temperatures change pretty quickly. That does raise the question: if so, might humans get smaller? And I think that certainly makes sense."

Prof Adrian Lister, of the Natural History Museum in London, said it is commonly believed that the strong relations between temperature and mammal body size may often be down to the availability of food and resources. "We are not really controlled by natural selection," he said. "If that was going to happen, you'd need to find large people dying before they could reproduce because of climate warming. That is not happening in today's world. We wear clothes, we have got heating, and we have got air conditioning if it is too hot."

"It is necessary for us to go to places that still look like the ocean as it was 500 years ago," says Enric Sala, former professor at Scripps Institute of Oceanography. However, in most parts of the world, marine conservation is stymied by opposition from fishing, oil, and mining-interests. A mere 7 percent of the world's ocean has protection—mostly weak rules, and only 2.5 percent is highly protected. Outside of these zones, the ocean's story is a continuing failure.

A few remaining parts of the ocean are the last wild places of the sea—the marine equivalent of the remotest old-growth forest in the Amazon—still unaffected by overfishing, pollution and climate change. Enric is working with the National Geographic Society and together launched the Pristine Seas project in 2008. Over the past 14 years, Pristine Seas has helped create 28 marine reserves, making up two-thirds of the world's fully protected marine areas—covering more than two million square miles in all.

Now Sala and his team have set an even more ambitious goal: to see more than a third of the world's ocean conserved for the purpose not just of sustaining biodiversity but also of replenishing(补充)fish stocks and storing carbon.

Pristine Seas worked with native Palauans(帕劳人)to give an ancient conservation tradition a modern change. For centuries, Palauans have used what they all "buls", a Palauan word which means closure, to preserve and rebuild their reef fish stocks. Over the years they have created 35 reserves to protect marine life around their islands, some of which ban fishing permanently.

Sala and his team calculate that a 14-fold expansion of the fully protected part of the ocean, from 2.5 percent to 35 percent, would provide 64 percent of the biodiversity benefits while increasing the global fish catch by almost 10 million metric tons. Even that may sound impossible, but the alternative is awful. For now, we still get to choose.

In my opinion, my mother has the ability to do anything, especially chores such as ironing and cooking. However, teaching her how to use the Internet is as frustrating as untangling (解开) wires.

Once, my mother came to me to ask for help on how to find a recipe for all-beef Lasagna. I gave her very simple verbal instructions—go to the home page of a particular search engine and type in "recipe for all-beef Lasagna." Fifteen minutes later, she came to me, telling me that she was unable to find the Internet icon. I went over to the computer and pointed out the icon to her.

Another fifteen minutes went by when I felt a tap on my shoulder. This time, my mother said that she was unable to search for the particular recipe. Gritting (咬) my teeth, I walked to her room again. I saw that she had typed "all beef La saga" instead. With frustrated strokes, I keyed in the correct spelling.

Yet another fifteen minutes went by again when my mother gingerly tapped my shoulder. I stormed next door without bothering to hide my frustration. The main page of the website had not shifted one bit. I then realized that she did not know how to scroll(滚动屏幕) down the page. What had initially seemed like an easy task was turning out to be an intense one.

To avoid being disturbed again, I decided to find the recipe for her. Without a word, I rapidly downloaded a few recipes, printed them out and passed them to my mother. However, seeing her embarrassment, I began to regret my impatience.

At that moment, memories flashed through my mind. When I was young, my mother endured my endless questions, enlightening me with much patience. Now that I am older, the roles slowly reverse. As my mother may increasingly need my help, shouldn't I rethink how to respond to her needs?

Women are equally responsible for the growth of a free, modern society. Here's a look at some outstanding women who made great contributions to world history.

Maria Sibylla Merian

Today, children can explain how a caterpillar (毛毛虫) turns into a butterfly (蝴蝶). But there was a time when no one knew this --not even scientists. Thanks to Maria Sibylla Merian, we know the truth about these beautiful winged insects. Merian was fascinated by insects, and she began collecting, studying, and drawing them when she was as young as 13. It was through her study of caterpillars that she discovered the truth about their life cycles.

Beryl Markham

Beryl Markham was quite incredible in not just aviation (航空) but several other industries, including horse racing. In 1936, at age 33, Markham became the first woman to fly across the Atlantic alone from the east to the west, nonstop. The pilot played a role in the classic best-selling novel and film, Out of Africa, and had many biographies penned about her talents and life.

Madam C.  J. Walker

Madam C J. Walker developed a condition that caused her to lose her hair, and with it, an interest in hair care. She began working for black hair care entrepreneur (企业家) Annie Turnbo Malone. Eventually, Walker began making and marketing her own hair care products designed for African-American women. Her company developed into the successful Madam C. J. Walker Manufacturing Company. She is widely recognized as America's first black female self-made millionaire.

Hedy Lamarr

You might know Hedy Lamarr from the silver screen; she starred in many films. But her film career is far from her only achievement; she was also a brilliant inventor. In 1942, she received a patent for an invention that could change radio signal frequencies. It paved the way for much of the wireless technology we use today.

It was 1st January, the firs day of the year and a holiday for me. What luck! I decided to withdraw some money from the bank. The bank person, an elderly gentleman with a white beard, replied indifferently as usual to my polite "Happy New Year:" He nodded and I sat in front of him.

Minutes passed but he didn't raise his head.

Then very hesitantly I put my form and booklet in front of him. He was busy fling up entries in his register. After a few minutes he took my form and from his cabinet he took out a very thick file, from which he started filling in my details. I sat there wondering why we had computerized banking if we were still filling in forms and register.

After waiting for a few more minutes, in which I showed all signs of being impatient, I asked him if my work was done. The moment I said the words, I felt as if a bomb had fallen on him. He shouted,"Nothing is done, it will take time!"

Just then I saw his morning cup of tea which had been lying there for the last ten minutes, untouched. The tea had turned almost cold while he was doing his work. Suddenly I felt what this man, who had been working at this counter for the last God-knows-how many years, must be feeling when customers like me come who are always in a hurry to get their work done. We do not even feel the need to thank them for being there. He must be feeling so anxious that"here comes another person who will push me for doing his work first."

Paragraph 1:

Thinking of this, I told him, "Sr you please have your tea. I am not in a hurry."

Paragraph 2:

What he said really touched my heart.

注意： ①词数80词左右; ②可适当增加细节，使行文连贯;

My hometown's transformation

The Meet You Museum's latest exhibition featuring mummies and rare relics from ancient Egypt is drawing attention in Beijing Showcasing more than 100 items(borrow) from the Egyptian Museum in Barcelona, this exhibition presents hieroglyphs(象形文字)，religious beliefs, and the funeral culture of ancient Egyptians.

A special golden coffin of a mummy, which(belong) to a woman we don't know, is shown for the first time in Beijing. It is in great condition  beautiful golden masks, cloth coverings, and shaped plaster,This coffin represents the(wise) of ancient Egyptians and the amazing restoration work done on it.

With its immersive(沉浸式的) settings inspired by pyramids and the iconic Sphinx(狮身人面像)，the exhibition transports visitors back in time, allowing them to immerse(they)in the fascinating atmosphere of ancient Egypt.

Wang Chunchen,curator(馆长) of the Meet You Museum, mentioned that even without knowing the Egyptian language, visitors can still guess the meaning behind the exhibits(add) to the enjoyment of the overall experience.

 Luis Manuel Gonzalvez, Spanish curator, reflected on the connection between Egypt and ancient China, suggesting that these civilizations might have had historical exchanges that we are yet to(full) uncover.

Gonzalvez expressed his hopethe exhibition would inspire more people, especially young individuals, to explore the wonders of ancient Egypt. By fostering a deeper understanding and sparking cultural discussions, he believes that the museum's collection can contribute to a(great) appreciation of our shared human heritage.

When I sopped by to get a newspaper, a tall sincere man came over to me asking for help with directions. With a printout of Google maps, he was looking for a hotel on the main street but just couldn't find it After checking out his written directions, I mapped it on my phone and showed him1 where he needed to go.

He,in2 ，mentioned that he had tried going there, but there was no such street number and he just couldn't locate his hotel.I3 it again for him. He thanked me with a big smile, shook my hand,and4 . I got into my car and he got into his, and we5 ways. As I drove to the next grocery store and went in, I sensed something wrong about the directions -so I Googled the address again and6 that he was looking for the night address but in a city half an hour away!

7 it had been several minutes, the chances of finding him miles away-where he was surely still looking around-were8 . But I thought I'd give it a(an)9 and set off in that

direction. I'd10 noticed what his car looked like, and was just about to give up. I parked my car as I considered what else I could do11 , like magic, he drove right by and pulled over into a nearby parking spot, still12 about where the hotel was.

When I13 next to him, he couldn't believe it "How did you find me?!" he asked. "I'm not sure, but I14 that you are in the wrong city!" I showed him the right directions, and after more 15 and a handshake, we waved goodbye . Likely that we'll never meet again, and that makes it much more sweet.

In today's world, it's all too easy to judge others based on their appearance, beliefs, or actions. Luckily, there are ways to be less judgmental and more open minded.

Recognize your biases and prejudices

It's natural to have opinions and preferences but when those opinions turn into judgments that harm others it's time to take a step back and reassess our beliefs This self reflection can

help us become more aware of our biases and prejudices and enable us to challenge them.

Practice empathy

Empathy means putting yourself in someone else's shoes and seeing the world from their perspective. To practice try to listen actively to others ask questions, and show genuine interest in their lives.

Cultivate a growth mindset

However this is not true People are capable of change and growth, and when we recognize this, we can become more open minded and less judgmental. To cultivate constructive a growth mindset, try to focus on the positive aspects of others, encourage them to try new things, and provide constructive feedback.

Being less judgmental requires self-reflection empathy and a growth mindset.This can help us to have a more positive outlook and see the god in others ultimately leading to a more

Fulfilling and enriching life.

A. When we judge others we assume they are fixed in their ways and that they cannot change

B. It also helps to interact with people who are different form us.

C. However,being judgmental can harm not only the people we judge but also ourselves.

D. When we focus on the good in others, we are less likely to judge hem.

E. By practicing these skills, we can become more understanding and accepting of others

F. It's essential to ask ourselves why we feel a certain way about a person or a situation.

G. By doing so we can build deeper connections with others and learn more about their experiences

When you think of a map, is north on the top or the bottom? Usually maps are designed with north on top, though when we think about it there's no logical reason for this bias(偏见) After all,

there is no up or down in space. So what's wrong with south, cast or west being on the top of the map? The answer is: nothing at all in fact, north-up maps only became the norm in the last few hundred years.

Ancient Egyptian maps had south at the top because the Nile River flows downhill from mountains in the south to the Mediterranean Sea in the north. Mecca was to the south of most early Muslim civilizations, and south-up maps were designed so that viewers would look up to see Mecca Medieval Christian maps had east at the top, as they believed the Garden of Eden was in the east. The only early maps that had north at the top were those of early China because the emperor lived in the north.

North seems to have settled at the top of maps during the 16th century, largely thanks to a Flemish mapmaker, Mercator. Mercator was a great admirer of an early Greek mapmaker, who, for reasons now unknown, put north at the top of maps, so Mercator did, too. When Mercator's world map became the standard map to navigate the oceans, north up became standard as well.

What is the implication of this north-view of the world? Psychologically, people tend to think of up as good and down as bad. Just think of words and phrases like "upmarket", "upbeat" and moving up in the world", and how they contrast with their opposites. Because north is so consistently put at the top of maps, people now think of north as good, too

Several attempts have been made in recent years by introducing south-up maps to the market

These maps not only give us a chance to see the world differently, but also give everyone the chance to see themselves on top.

Take care of your plants! They may "scream" if you treat them badly Although this is an exaggeration plants can make sounds when they are stressed according to a recent paper published in Cell. "Plants interact with insets and other animals all the time, and many of these organisms use sound for communication so it would be very suboptimal(不太理想的) for plants not to use sound at all Lilach Hadany, co-author of the study, told Science Focus With this in mind, the research team started by recording plants sounds. They placed tobacco and tomato plants in soundproof(隔音的) boxes to shut off the noise in the environment. Several ultrasonic(超声的) microphones were then put near the plants which can record at frequencies between 20 and 250 kilohertz(干赫). The maximum frequency that a human adult's ear can hear is about 16 kilohertz.

There were three groups of plants: One group wasn't watered for five days, another group had the stems cut off and the last group was untouched. The microphones caught sounds at a frequency of 40 to 80 kilohertz from the first two groups. The sound, which was similar to the noise of popcorn popping when "translated" into a frequency humans can hear, grew louder and louder during the five days of water stress. They then began to decline as the plants dried out. A stressed plant produced the popping sound around 30 to 50 times per hour, while the untouched group only produced around once per hour, according to the study.

The researchers haven't yet discovered how the sounds are made. One theory is that they could be made during cavitation(气穴现象). which is a process of an air bubble in the plant collapsing under some kind of pressure. After the experiment, the team gathered the data on stressed plants and then made machine learning software that could tell how plants "feel". It could differentiate between unstressed plants, thirsty plants and cut plants, which can be useful for farmers in monitoring the conditions of their crops.

The hustle and bustle of life's routines, wandering back and forth from the ideal to reality, and the inner turbulence(动荡) hidden behind a social mask these daily experiences are recorded by Chinese young generations in lines of poetry online. Recently, 124 Bilibili internet users shared their works in a poem collection.

One blogger on Xiaohongshu who goes by the nickname Gehuaren is one such poetry lover. The twenty-something girl not only writes poems as a form of entertainment in her spare time, but also improvises(即兴创作) poems for others at night markets in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan.

As a"street-stall poet", Gehuaren often writes pieces of poetry quickly based on themes given by customers. Once the poem has been completed, she refuses to change her work because she feels her poems reflect her first reaction. Therefore,her poems are not very long often just several lines and stated in simple words.

For her, everything in the world, no matter trivial(琐屑的) or significant can serve as her poetic muse"A glass,a tree on the side of a street in the dawn or a person who once talked with me these all could become themes for my poems," said Gehuaren.

With free verse and broad themes, her poems also strike a chord with many young people online, helping her gain over 190,000 followers on Xiaohongshu. Many of her followers have made comments such as"I feel healed by your poems because I can find...beauty from unnoticeable things and in turn, slow down to reflect on my life."

Apart from poetry, different means such as vlogging and photosharing can be used to record fragments of daily life.But Wu Ruilin, a student from Ya'an Tianli School in Sichuan province, considers poetry to be the best way to express them. Wu said, "Taking photos or vlogging can just show the object or your emotions in real life. Yet poetry, which can be used to excite the imagination, shows the beauty in life better." So when he is inspired by the beauty of daily life, the18-year-old writes it down into lines of poetry and then shares them with his friends on his WeChat Moments.

No matter why young people write their unique brand of poems," they are attempting to take every moment in lives seriously, face their lives bravely and actively express themselves," Xiang Biao, director of the Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology in Germany, told BJNews.

When you try to blow out 2 lot of candles, you may not have enough air in your lungs to get the mall Here's how to measure your lung capacity.

What you'll need

●Plastic bottle; such as a camping water container that holds a little more than 2 liters of water.A 2-liter soft drink bottle may be large enough: try the experiment and see.

●Plastic tube 60 centimeters long.

●Large mixing bowl

●Rubber bands

●Ruler

●Helper

Fill the bowl about one third full of water and G1l the bottle to the top with water.

❷Hold your hand over the top of the bottle, turn it upside down and put its top under the water in the bowl: your helper will hold the bottle in place.

❸Attach the ruler to the bottle with rubber bands.

Put the tube in the neck of the bottle, take a dep breath. Hold your nos and blow hard into the tube as long as you can.

What happened?

How much water did you blow out?

Compare the amount of air yo blew into the bottle to the amount of liquid the bottle can hold(2 liters, for example).

Do this test on different people and see who has the largest and smallest lungs.

SOURCE; INS