（浙江）2023-2024学年七年级上学期期中复习专练：阅读理解（话题4 社会文化与科普）

    Hello, I'm Lucky. I am a guide dog. I start training(训练) in a school when I am little. Being a guide dog is not easy. We have to be very smart. We need to understand orders(指令). I am very kind to people. So people trust(信任) me.

    What do I learn at school? I learn to wear a harness(导盲鞍). When the harness is on, I start my work. I can lead a person from one place to another. I stop when I see trees in front of me. And I can remember the paths.

    I know you like me and want to play with me. But I can't play with you when I am at work. You are welcome to play with me when my harness is off. That's play time.

    In ancient(古代的) China, people have three names: their family name, given name, and courtesy name(字).

    Take famous poet Li Bai as an example. His family name is Li, his given name is Bai, and his courtesy name is Taibai.

    People use their given names when they are with their family or friends. And your elders like your grandparents and parents call your given name at home. But in the workplace, people use their courtesy names.

    Men get their courtesy names when they are 20 years old. Women get their courtesy names after they get married(结婚).

    People's courtesy names have something to do with their given names. For example, Zhuge Liang's given name is Liang. It means "bright". His courtesy name is Kongming. And the meaning is "very bright".

    Do you have a good sleep(睡眠) every night? March 21 is World Sleep Day. It's a good time to think about our sleeping habits and get more sleep.

    Sleep is important(重要的) because it helps our bodies to recover(恢复) from the stress(压力) of living.

    But today, heavy stress and the habit of using smartphones before bedtime make people lose sleep. About 62% of adults in the world feel that they don't sleep well, according to a survey. In America, around 50 million to 60 million people suffer from sleep problems. Losing just one or two hours of sleep every night can affect(影响) us.

    "If you don't get enough sleep at night, you might sleep in school. If you're asleep, you don't learn anything, " says Mary Carskadon, a sleep researcher at Brown Medical School.

    How much sleep do you need? That depends on how old you are. The Sleep Foundation says that teenagers(青少年) need 8. 5 to 9 hours a day.

Hi! My name is H-1. I am a robot(机器人) from Germany(德国). I am a special robot. I am different from other robots. Look at my body, I have artificial skin(人造皮肤) on my whole body.

Scientists(科学家) put more than 13000 sensors(传感器) in my body. Thanks to the sensors, I can feel theenvironment around me. I can feel hot on a hot day. I can feel cold on a cold day. I have some other feelings. I can even feel pain.

Robots can help people do lots of things. Some robots can helppeople with housework. Some robots can do jobs in factories. I'm a robot andI'm a good helper like other robots. I'm also a good friend of my owner. Forexample, I can give my owner a hug.

Do you want to have a robot like me?

Everyone has a family name. In China, the family name comes before the given name, but in English countries, the family name comes last. Do you know how English people get their family names? And what do they mean(意思)?English people usually get their names in these ways(方式).

Some family names come from the places(地点)of their homes. For a man lives on or near a hill, his family name may be Hill. In the UK, people's family name may be Wood or Lake, because they live near the wood or the lake. Some family names come from their jobs(职业). If a man is a cook, his family names may be Cook. And many people get their family names from their fathers' family names. If you see the name Jackson, you can know he is the son of Jack.

In English, the given names come first and the family names come last. Family names are also called last names. Westerners get their family names in different ways.

Some family names such as Smith, Cook and Taylor are all about a person's job. For example, John Smith, here “Smith” means the name of a job as well as Cook, Miller and Fisher. Some westerners get their family names from their living places such as Bush, Cliff and Lake. So does a famous American writer Jack London.

Some family names are from colors. For example, the family names Black means “布莱克” and White means “怀特”. Larry Brown —a famous basketball player in America also gets his family name from colors. Other family names are from the name of a parent. For example, “David's son” becomes Davidson, and “Peter's son” becomes Peterson. What does your last name mean? Let's find more on the Internet.

How do people say hello in English-speaking countries(国家)? Well, they usually say "Hi" "Hello" to each other. Sometimes they also say "How are you?" The answer(回答) can be "I'm fine." "Very good. Thank you." or "Not bad, thanks."

But do you know there are different(不同的) ways to greet friends in different English-speaking countries? Here are two of them

In America，people usually say "What's up?" to their friends. And boys often say, "Hey, man." What about girls? Yes, you are right, they often say "Hey, girl."

In the UK, people say "Are you right?" to each other. Well, you can say, "I'm good." Sometimes, you can also say," How's it going? But it's not a question. It just means hello.

Everything has a name. All people, places, and things have names. Jenny is the name of a student from the UK. The UK is the name of a country. Cities and towns(城镇) have names, too. Schools also have names. Tomato, potato and carrot are names of vegetables. Apple, orange and banana are names of fruit.

When we meet a new person(人), we usually ask, "What's your name ?" Most people have two names. Names are different all over the world. In Jenny's class, she must know the names of the students from all over the world. This is not easy because the names are very different (不同的).

In the USA, Most people have a first name, a middle name and a last name. Parents choose(选择) the first and middle names for their babies. The last name is the family name. Usually it is the father's family name. In a family, the mother, the father and the children usually have the same last name.

Sometimes a person has a nickname, too. A nickname is a special name. It's not a person's real name. Abraham Lincoln 's nickname was "Honest Abe", because he was honest(诚实的). And it is short for Abraham. Pele is the nickname of the football player, Edison Aeraesde Nascimento. But everyone calls him Pele.